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	<title>Mati&#232;re et R&#233;volution</title>
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	<description>Contribution au d&#233;bat sur la philosophie dialectique du mode de formation et de transformation de la mati&#232;re, de la vie, de l'homme et de la soci&#233;t&#233;. Ce site est compl&#233;mentaire de https://www.matierevolution.org/</description>
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		<title>What does it mean for Haiti to be occupied by foreign armed forces ?</title>
		<link>https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article8652</link>
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		<dc:date>2026-02-23T09:21:00Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Robert Paris</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Ha&#239;ti</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Washington sent warships this month to deploy 'gunboat diplomacy' while the island nation continues its freefall of violence and corruption &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Early last week, U.S. warships and Coast Guard boats arrived off the coast of Port-au-Prince, as confirmed by the American Embassy in Haiti. On land in the nation's capital, tensions were building as the mandate of Haiti's Transitional Presidential Council neared expiration. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The mandate expired Feb. 7, leaving U.S.-backed Prime Minister Alix Didier (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Washington sent warships this month to deploy 'gunboat diplomacy' while the island nation continues its freefall of violence and corruption&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Early last week, U.S. warships and Coast Guard boats arrived off the coast of Port-au-Prince, as confirmed by the American Embassy in Haiti. On land in the nation's capital, tensions were building as the mandate of Haiti's Transitional Presidential Council neared expiration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The mandate expired Feb. 7, leaving U.S.-backed Prime Minister Alix Didier Fils-Aim&#233; in power. Experts believe the warships were a show of force from Washington to demonstrate that the U.S. was willing to impose its influence, encouraging the council to step down. It did.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is far from the first time in history that the U.S. has asserted control over Haiti's politics, but as the country remains wracked by gang violence, corruption, and poverty, many are left wondering how effective this latest U.S. intervention really has been.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An estimated 90% of Haiti's capital is said to be controlled by gangs and, in 2025 alone, the United Nations estimates nearly 6,000 people have been killed and thousands injured amid rampant kidnappings and attacks &#8212; not to mention nearly half of the population is currently facing acute hunger. And with the fate of future elections still hanging in the balance, an air of uncertainty continues to hang over the troubled nation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Transitional Presidential Council, which Washington played a role in installing in April 2024, was intended to be a temporary entity to exercise presidential powers until either a new president was elected or the mandate expired. The council was created following a string of unprecedented political events following the assassination of Haitian President Jovenel Mo&#239;se in 2021, leaving a power vacuum.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With no functioning parliament, two men claimed power in Haiti, creating widespread confusion. One of the men, Ariel Henry, eventually took over, ruling without elected institutions amid worsening gang violence and weakening state authority. It was then that the U.S. and other international institutions stepped in to create the Transitional Presidential Council, which served as the head of state until very recently.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The presidential council stepped down last weekend after intense political pressure from the United States, just days after U.S. ships arrived in the Bay of Port-au-Prince. This comes after the council's vote to oust the prime minister was met with decisive pushback from the U.S., which views Fils-Aim&#233; as a stabilizing force against gang violence and a potential ally.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And though widespread gang violence prevented Haiti from holding a presidential election Feb. 7 as envisioned at the start of the mandate, Washington-backed Fils-Aim&#233; is now expected to remain in power as the country readies itself to hold general elections &#8212; for the first time in more than a decade.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A statement from the U.S. Embassy on X said the presence of American warships off the coast in recent days &#8220;reflects the United States' unwavering commitment to the security, stability, and a brighter future for the Republic of Haiti&#8221; and that it is intended to reaffirm &#8220;partnership and support&#8221; and &#8220;ensure a safer and more prosperous Haiti.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But experts who spoke with RS say the presence of the ships sent a stronger message that could be interpreted as a show of support for Fils-Aim&#233; to retain power and a threat if he did not. The ships were a &#8220;show of force,&#8221; according to Robert Fatton, a political science professor at the University of Virginia and author of several books on Haiti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Antoine Dupr&#233; :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;If one day on your shores&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Our tyrants are reappearing&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That their fugitive horde&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;Serve as fertilizer for our fields.&#034;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Haiti : Food, care, homes&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;No military occupation !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOU PA VLE RETE ANBA DJOL OKENN PEYI ETRANJE&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We do not want to place ourselves under the control of foreign countries&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;GRO PEYI-YO KITE AYITI VIV&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Let the major countries let Haiti live&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;REVOLISYON SEL SOLISYON&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Revolution is the only solution&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Haiti being militarily occupied by the most ferocious armed forces of several countries means that the world's ruling classes are so afraid of the oppressed that the proletarians of half an island who might rebel worry them to the point of preemptive, massive military occupation. The great powers are concerned with popular reactions, not with saving victims and helping surviving populations, contrary to what they would have us believe here. If the world's armed forces rushed to intervene, it was to prevent the power vacuum caused by the earthquake that destroyed public buildings, state buildings, and the buildings of foreign occupying forces from turning into a social earthquake. And these forces hide their fear of the Haitian people behind alleged looting, but when you're starving, helping yourself to supplies in stores is simply a matter of survival ; it's not a crime ! The real bandits are the great powers that have been plundering Haiti for hundreds of years, imposing dictatorships on it, and have done nothing to rid it of death squads, macoutes or others, military, paramilitary or militias.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To understand the role of foreign armies in Haiti, it's important to remember that the American, UN, and French military interventions didn't begin with the earthquake. They already claimed to be defending the safety of the civilian population, while ordinary people were constantly being extorted and murdered by armed groups. The true aim of foreign armed interventions, especially that of the US, was to suppress the social uprising of the working people that began in 1986, when the Haitian people rid themselves of the Duvalier dictatorship, which was supported by Western countries. Yes, the working people of Haiti experienced a revolution, attacking the barbaric &#034;Tonton Macoutes&#034; and overthrowing the dictatorship of &#034;Baby Doc&#034; Duvalier, which was backed by the US.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;The earthquake in Haiti has given rise to 'one of the greatest relief operations in the history of the United States,' President Barack Obama said yesterday in a solemn address at the White House, alongside his predecessors, George W. Bush and Bill Clinton, whom he tasked with raising funds for the victims, while Hillary Clinton arrived yesterday in Port-au-Prince.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The US Secretary of State will attempt to address the logistical challenges posed by the distribution of international aid and seek solutions to deliver this aid to Haitians, while US military personnel are already deployed on the ground. Thus, recognizable by their black berets and red and blue patches bearing the letters &#034;AA,&#034; paratroopers from the US 82nd Airborne Division have been positioned in large numbers at the Port-au-Prince airport since Friday.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Alongside the site's only congested runway, some &#034;paratroopers&#034; have set up camp, while others have deployed in this nerve center for the delivery of aid, signaling the end of the relative anarchy that had reigned since Tuesday's earthquake at the airport, which was deprived of its control tower.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nearly 10,000 American troops in the area&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;More American paratroopers were expected to arrive throughout the weekend aboard transport planes from North Carolina, bringing the total to 3,500. With the anticipated arrival of the Marines and their three accompanying ships, 9,000 to 10,000 American troops will be deployed to Haiti and at sea starting tomorrow. &#8212; Jean Guisnel&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;France weeps over the 40,000 corpses on the tiny island, and the whole world rushes to dry the Republic's tears. But what was it like when, a few centuries ago, France shed torrents of blood to seize the Lesser and Greater Antilles ? At sea, off the coast of East Africa, lies the volcanic island of Madagascar. Fifty years ago, we saw how the Republic, now inconsolable and mourning the loss of its children, then subjugated the stubborn natives to its yoke with chains and the sword. No volcano opened its crater there ; it was the mouths of French cannons that sowed death and desolation. The fire of French artillery swept thousands of human lives from the face of the earth until this free people prostrated themselves face down and the queen of the 'savages' was dragged, as a trophy, into the 'City of...'&#034; Lights.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rosa Luxemburg in &#034;Martinique&#034; (1902) :&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Ever since imperialisms and local ruling classes have claimed to save us through military and police interventions, we are dead...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Their armed gangs kill more surely than earthquakes and cyclones !!!!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Major powers are worried about Haiti !!!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Haiti : The &#034;humanitarian&#034; intervention masks a war against the rebellious people&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When Western states justify their military intervention, they claim to be blocked by riots of people fighting over food supplies and by looters. This is false ! The food supplies blocked at the airport are not due to bandits or riots... Haitians denounce foreign troops because they know who they are. Since 1994 for the US, since 2004 for all foreign troops, they have occupied the country, and it's not to save them from a natural disaster ! They intervene against the population. They claim that if aid isn't arriving, it's due to the state of the roads. This is false ! They claim to want to save the Haitian people&#8212;this is false !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Where does the concern of the major powers towards the Haitian people come from ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Without delay, a massive armed force (tens of thousands of soldiers) from the US, France, and the rest of the world landed in Haiti following the devastating earthquake that struck the capital, Port-au-Prince. And despite media rhetoric attempting to portray them as providing humanitarian aid, their primary task is restoring order. They are equipped for repression, not rescue. Rescue teams are hampered by the priority given to deploying the military.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From the outset, it's impossible to hide the fact that the primary concern of the major powers is popular reaction, not rescuing victims or helping surviving populations, contrary to what they're trying to make us believe here. While some buildings occupied by Westerners were quickly rescued, this wasn't the case for neighborhoods inhabited by Haitians. Most people received neither food nor medical assistance.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;No government forces or military participated in the initial emergency rescues carried out entirely by the local population. Some rescue teams affiliated with NGOs have still not been able to reach the area, while the armed forces present outnumber the rescue teams by hundreds of times. A hospital plane and rescue teams with dogs were refused because the deployment of Marine troops was prioritized, given the emerging popular uprisings.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The world's armed forces rushed to intervene to prevent the power vacuum caused by the earthquake, which destroyed public buildings, state buildings, and the headquarters of foreign occupying forces, from turning into a social earthquake. Of course, the armed forces speak of insecurity, accusing Haitians of attacking shops, but when people are starving, is that really a crime ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To understand the role of foreign armies in Haiti, it's important to remember that the American, UN, and French military intervention didn't begin with the earthquake. It was a product of the social uprising that swept through Haiti in 1986 when the Haitian people set out to rid themselves of the Duvalier dictatorship, which was supported by Western countries. Indeed, the working people of Haiti experienced a revolution, attacking the &#034;Tonton Macoutes&#034; and overthrowing the dictatorship of &#034;Baby Doc&#034; Duvalier, backed by the US. The regime was permanently shaken. Only recently have the major powers occupying Haiti been able to allow the Haitian army to return to its headquarters, which had been completely deserted after the revolution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The failure of this Haitian revolution stemmed from the fact that the parties and social, labor, religious, and political organizations that led it, far from desiring a seizure of power by the oppressed, aimed only to bring the people back into line. They never warned the people against Duvalier's barely reformed army. They never called on the people to unite with the rank and file, nor on the latter to disobey their superiors. They never wanted to disarm the militias of the powerful. The union leaders, religious figures, social democrats, and Stalinists collaborated, ultimately bringing the demagogue Aristide to power. He further discredited himself by becoming a puppet of the United States in 1994. Aristide or no Aristide, social peace was never restored.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And the tens of thousands of foreign soldiers who have occupied the country since 2004 had no intention whatsoever of challenging the dictatorship and poverty that reign in one of the poorest countries in the world. No, they came to occupy this country against its population because it could threaten the Haitian government and ruling class.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This so-called &#034;peacekeeping force&#034; has done nothing but violently attack the population of poor neighborhoods and slums alongside local armed forces and police. During the last food riots in 2008, the ordinary people of Haiti, among other demands, called for the withdrawal of UN and foreign troops. All these armed forces did nothing against the ruling class, against poverty and exploitation. Nothing in the face of the hurricanes. The one that destroyed Gona&#239;ves, the most revolutionary city in the country, and left its people devastated and mired in mud, without this so-called &#034;international community&#034; lifting a finger.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The earthquake has completely destroyed the credibility of the government, and the major powers fear that the Haitian people will seize the opportunity to get rid of their oppressors.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
As for the workers here, far from falling for the hypocritical humanitarian propaganda of the great powers, they should wish for the Haitian people what their oppressors fear most : that the people liberate themselves and that the revolutionary island rise from its ashes....!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Home &gt; 16- EDITORIALS FROM THE VOICE OF WORKERS &gt; Editorial 17-01-2010 - The major powers are worried about Haiti !!!&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Editorial 17-01-2010 - Major powers are worried about Haiti !!!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Saturday, January 16, 2010 , by Robert Paris&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;THE VOICE OF THE WORKERS&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;Workers of all countries, unite !&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Karl Marx&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;How international forces repress the poor population, the film&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Haiti : The &#034;humanitarian&#034; intervention masks a war against the rebellious people&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When Western states justify their military intervention, they claim to be blocked by riots of people fighting over food supplies and by looters. This is false ! The food supplies blocked at the airport are not due to bandits or riots... Haitians denounce foreign troops because they know who they are. Since 1994 for the US, since 2004 for all foreign troops, they have occupied the country, and it's not to save them from a natural disaster ! They intervene against the population. They claim that if aid isn't arriving, it's due to the state of the roads. This is false ! They claim to want to save the Haitian people&#8212;this is false !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;International armed forces only monitor poor neighborhoods while the rich maintain armed gangs that loot, terrorize and murder.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The horrors of exploitation in Haiti&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The food riots&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Armed groups loyal to the Haitian government intervened against the population in 2004&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Where does the concern of the major powers towards the Haitian people come from ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Without delay, a massive armed force (tens of thousands of soldiers) from the US, France, and the rest of the world landed in Haiti following the devastating earthquake that struck the capital, Port-au-Prince. And despite media rhetoric attempting to portray them as providing humanitarian aid, their primary task is restoring order. They are equipped for repression, not rescue. Rescue teams are hampered by the priority given to deploying the military.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From the outset, it's impossible to hide the fact that the primary concern of the major powers is popular reaction, not rescuing victims or helping surviving populations, contrary to what they're trying to make us believe here. While some buildings occupied by Westerners were quickly rescued, this wasn't the case for neighborhoods inhabited by Haitians. Most people received neither food nor medical assistance.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;No government forces or military participated in the initial emergency rescues carried out entirely by the local population. Some rescue teams affiliated with NGOs have still not been able to reach the area, while the armed forces present outnumber the rescue teams by hundreds of times. A hospital plane and rescue teams with dogs were refused because the deployment of Marine troops was prioritized, given the emerging popular uprisings.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The world's armed forces rushed to intervene to prevent the power vacuum caused by the earthquake, which destroyed public buildings, state buildings, and the headquarters of foreign occupying forces, from turning into a social earthquake. Of course, the armed forces speak of insecurity, accusing Haitians of attacking shops, but when people are starving, is that really a crime ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To understand the role of foreign armies in Haiti, it's important to remember that the American, UN, and French military intervention didn't begin with the earthquake. It was a product of the social uprising that swept through Haiti in 1986 when the Haitian people set out to rid themselves of the Duvalier dictatorship, which was supported by Western countries. Indeed, the working people of Haiti experienced a revolution, attacking the &#034;Tonton Macoutes&#034; and overthrowing the dictatorship of &#034;Baby Doc&#034; Duvalier, backed by the US. The regime was permanently shaken. Only recently have the major powers occupying Haiti been able to allow the Haitian army to return to its headquarters, which had been completely deserted after the revolution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The failure of this Haitian revolution stemmed from the fact that the parties and social, labor, religious, and political organizations that led it, far from desiring a seizure of power by the oppressed, aimed only to bring the people back into line. They never warned the people against Duvalier's barely reformed army. They never called on the people to unite with the rank and file, nor on the latter to disobey their superiors. They never wanted to disarm the militias of the powerful. The union leaders, religious figures, social democrats, and Stalinists collaborated, ultimately bringing the demagogue Aristide to power. He further discredited himself by becoming a puppet of the United States in 1994. Aristide or no Aristide, social peace was never restored.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And the tens of thousands of foreign soldiers who have occupied the country since 2004 had no intention whatsoever of challenging the dictatorship and poverty that reign in one of the poorest countries in the world. No, they came to occupy this country against its population because it could threaten the Haitian government and ruling class.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This so-called &#034;peacekeeping force&#034; has done nothing but violently attack the population of poor neighborhoods and slums alongside local armed forces and police. During the last food riots in 2008, the ordinary people of Haiti, among other demands, called for the withdrawal of UN and foreign troops. All these armed forces did nothing against the ruling class, against poverty and exploitation. Nothing in the face of the hurricanes. The one that destroyed Gona&#239;ves, the most revolutionary city in the country, and left its people devastated and mired in mud, without this so-called &#034;international community&#034; lifting a finger.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The earthquake has completely destroyed the credibility of the government, and the major powers fear that the Haitian people will seize the opportunity to get rid of their oppressors.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
As for the workers here, far from falling for the hypocritical humanitarian propaganda of the great powers, they should wish for the Haitian people what their oppressors fear most : that the people liberate themselves and that the revolutionary island rise from its ashes....!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What were the major powers doing in Haiti ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The social revolt of the population&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Duvalier Dictatorship, the film&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
A BRIEF HISTORICAL REMINDER :&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
In 1984, and especially in 1986, the Haitian people set out to rid themselves of the Duvalier dictatorship, which was supported by Western countries. Yes, the working people of Haiti experienced a revolution, attacking the barbaric &#034;Tonton Macoutes&#034; and overthrowing the dictatorship of &#034;Baby Doc&#034; Duvalier, backed by the USA. The regime was permanently shaken. Only recently have the major powers occupying Haiti allowed the Haitian army to return to its headquarters, which had been completely deserted after the revolution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the aftermath of February 7th, the fall of Duvalier, groups of unemployed youth and workers, armed with sticks, machetes, knives, stones, and jerrycans of gasoline, roamed the streets in the working-class neighborhoods of cities and some rural areas, chanting and targeting the Tonton Macoutes, their homes, shops, vehicles, and the offices of the VSN, the dictatorship's party. However, the barracks and military posts were not attacked, and weapons seized from the Tonton Macoutes and other torturers of the regime were returned to the barracks ! Meanwhile, leaders of the Duvalier dictatorship were exonerated through a very slight period of opposition, such as de Ronceray and Bazin, and notorious torturers like Ti Boul&#233; went unpunished. The Tonton Macoute militias were attacked by the people, but neither the army nor the government did anything to systematically disarm the armed gangs of the powerful. Many neighborhood activists and members of peasant or religious associations turned to this kind of political opposition, comprised of the talkative but largely inactive, and even less socially radical, democratic petty bourgeoisie : the KONAKOM and other &#034;democratic movements.&#034; Or the Democratic Liaison Committees or PANPRA. The movement of grassroots church committees, or Ti-L&#233;gliz, or the &#034;Alpha missions&#034; (meaning literacy and awareness-raising), offered a broad framework for poor youth and were more concerned with the plight of the most destitute than the democratic petty bourgeoisie, but they had no program that politically expressed the interests of the masses in the face of the military leaders and the ruling classes. The CATH union also emerged at the forefront of the &#034;democratic sector,&#034; even though, in fact, it offered no clear prospects for the exploited. And CATH, like the rest of the political opposition, quickly became caught up in political maneuvering. As for the Stalinist party, Theodore's PUCH, its reputation for radicalism was undeserved. Theodore systematically aligned himself with the most fashionable generals or colonels of the moment. After &#034;acknowledging&#034; General Namphy, defending Jean-Claude Paul, celebrating with Avril, applauding Abraham, and congratulating C&#233;dras, Theodore ended his career by applying for the role of representative in power of the oppressors of the Haitian people, as prime minister of the military dictatorship ! He, who had earned his stripes among the activists of the uprising, accepted the position of prime minister of the dictatorship before it withdrew its offer. When the PUCH called for a &#034;yes&#034; vote in the referendum of March 29, 1987, many people definitively distanced themselves from it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The failure of this Haitian revolution stemmed from the fact that the parties and social, labor, religious, and political organizations that led it, far from desiring a seizure of power by the oppressed, aimed only to bring the people back into line. They never warned the people against Duvalier's barely reformed army. They never called on the people to unite with the rank and file, nor on the latter to disobey their superiors. They never sought to disarm the militias of the powerful. They never hoped that this revolution would challenge the ruling classes and their system of exploitation. On the contrary, all their efforts were focused on reconciling the people with the army, the people with the ruling classes. The union leaders, religious figures, social democrats, and Stalinists collaborated, ultimately bringing the demagogue Aristide to power. He completely discredited himself by becoming a puppet of the US in 1994. Whether or not Aristide remained in power, social peace was never restored. This is why American and then international troops intervened, fearing a resurgence of the Haitian revolution !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1984 : The proletarian revolution began in Haiti&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1984 : More than 200 peasants were massacred in Jean-Rabel after a demonstration for access to land. The Haitian Bishops' Conference launched a short-lived educational program throughout the country.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 1984, for the first time since the beginning of the Duvalier dictatorship, riots broke out, and slum dwellers looted food warehouses.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Anti-government riots occurred in all the country's major cities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The first riots began in May 1984 in the city of Gona&#239;ves. Despite the usual repression, the clashes and demonstrations continued. Schoolchildren and high school students protested, chanting, &#034;Down with poverty, down with unemployment !&#034; Repression units, the &#034;Tactical Units,&#034; were sent from Port-au-Prince, and on November 28, 1985, the army killed three young men.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Three deaths too many, which would lead to demonstrations in various provincial cities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Post-Duvalierism&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In November 1985, a youth demonstration was brutally suppressed. There was widespread unanimity against the regime.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In Port-au-Prince, at the beginning of January 1986, school directors, including those of Saint-Louis de Gonzagues, Bird College and Sacr&#233;-Coeur, establishments frequented by the middle and upper classes, decreed a day of mourning and prayer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Part of the bourgeoisie, through the Association of Industries of Haiti, began to speak of democracy in a communiqu&#233; dated January 11, 1986. It was followed by the Haitian Medical Association.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In Cap Ha&#239;tien, 40,000 demonstrators gathered on January 29, 1986 to demand the departure of Duvalier.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Throughout the provinces, young people stood up to the militiamen and soldiers who were shooting and killing. In Port-au-Prince, the Tonton Macoutes were concentrated and regrouped. A state of siege was declared on the evening of January 30, 1986.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Duvalier and his supporters, especially those who knew they would not have a gilded exile, were still going to try to maintain their position.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But the Duvalier dictatorship proved incapable of crushing the uprising. For the United States, which until then had been unstinting in its support, it became urgent to stop the mass movement. Duvalier had to be eliminated while the revolt remained focused on him.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In early February 1986, new riots shook the country's main cities. On February 7, Jean-Claude Duvalier was forced to flee to France on a U.S. military plane. Political parties, now legalized, sprang up by the dozens, as did newspapers and radio stations, but it was a National Governing Council (CNG), composed of six Duvalierists, that was tasked with overseeing the transition. The October elections saw a turnout of less than 5% of registered voters. In contrast, the new constitution, adopted in March 1987, was ratified by a very large number of voters. The Tonton Macoutes disrupted the legislative elections, which finally took place in January 1988. A Duvalierist, Leslie Manigat, was elected ; in June, a military coup brought General Namphy to power, only to be ousted in September by General Prosper Avril. He resigned in April 1990. Ms. Ertha Trouillot, chosen by the twelve opposition parties, then presided over a civilian transitional government. In December 1990, regular elections were finally held. Father Jean-Baptiste Aristide (a priest expelled from his order in 1988 for his perceived far-left views) was elected president of the Republic by a large majority. In September 1991, following a bloody coup and violent repression, a military junta led by General Raoul C&#233;dras seized power. Aristide went into exile in the United States. The US imposed an economic blockade on Haiti, further worsening life on the island. Driven by poverty, thousands of Haitians fled or attempted to flee the country. Seeking to buy time, the coup leaders evaded American orders. In September 1994, the United States, with UN approval, finally sent an expeditionary force to the island. President Aristide was reinstated on October 15, 1994. In December 1995, Ren&#233; Pr&#233;val, a member of Aristide's governing coalition, was elected President of the Republic and appointed Jacques Edouard Alexis as Prime Minister in 1998. In November 2000, in a country without a Parliament since 1999, Aristide returned to power after elections boycotted by the opposition and marred by irregularities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Bush administration chose to get rid of Aristide, whom it never liked, because he had ceased to be useful from the perspective of American interests. The political crisis that began last December, which transformed into a military crisis in early February, showed that Aristide, having lost his credibility with the population, had lost his ability to maintain order.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;During his first election in December 1990, Aristide was swept up by a vast popular movement that led to his election to the presidency with over 67% of the vote. This momentum was brutally halted a few months later, in September 1991, by the military coup led by General Raoul C&#233;dras. While Aristide had consistently celebrated &#034;the reconciliation of the people and the army&#034; since his election, C&#233;dras and his clique set about demonstrating the opposite by subjecting the country to a bloody repression.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The leaders of American imperialism were not displeased to see the Haitian military wreak havoc in the working-class neighborhoods of Port-au-Prince. But the military did not simply subdue Haiti's working class. They subjected the already depleted Haitian economy to such plunder, expanding racketeering, corruption, and drug trafficking to such an extent that it became an embarrassment even for the bourgeoisie itself, including American bosses who wanted to exploit Haitian workers in peace, earning a dollar and a half a day. The Clinton administration eventually became convinced that it was still preferable to have Aristide in power, properly disciplined and disciplined during his American exile, than a crumbling military dictatorship.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aristide was reinstated in 1994 after the landing of 20,000 marines ousted C&#233;dras from power. At the time, Aristide retained some credibility with the poor masses, but he worked tirelessly to extinguish all the hopes they had placed in him, doing absolutely nothing to improve the lot of the working class. On the contrary, while the regime's elite and Aristide himself grew richer, the country, already one of the poorest in the world, sank even deeper into misery and famine. Simultaneously, Aristide increasingly relied on the police and armed gangs under his control, the &#034;Chim&#232;res,&#034; to control the slums, terrorize, and silence the population.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The fact that leaders of the current rebellion, such as Louis-Jodel Chamblain and Guy Philippe, known for their involvement in numerous assassinations and atrocities during C&#233;dras's time, were welcomed as liberators in Port-au-Prince and several other cities, demonstrates the extent to which Aristide's regime had become disconnected from the population. Certainly, many of the crowds who came to cheer them, perhaps the majority, came from the affluent neighborhoods of P&#233;tionville, which had never accepted Aristide. But there were also people from working-class neighborhoods, applauding the former oppressors for having rid them of a regime that had become dictatorial and was widely despised.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Six years of insurrection&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On February 7, 1986, after weeks of anti-government demonstrations, &#034;President for Life&#034; Jean-Claude Duvalier, known as Baby Doc, was ousted from power and sought refuge in France. General Namphy became president of a National Governing Council (CNG) composed of four military officers and two civilians.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On February 9, five thousand demonstrators demanded the formation of a civilian government.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On November 17, 1986, a general strike began to demand the dissolution of the CNG&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On November 29, 1987, the elections were cancelled.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On January 17, 1988, elections were held under the auspices of the army. Voter turnout was low. Leslie Manigat became president.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On June 18, 1988, Namphy regained power and, on June 22, appointed a military government.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On September 10, 1988, a massacre occurred during a mass in Port-au-Prince.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On September 18, General Prosper Avril, head of the presidential guard and former confidant of B&#233;b&#233;Doc, overthrew Namphy. Throughout the following year, General Avril survived several coup attempts and was unable to restore social peace.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 1990, former &#034;Tonton Macoutes&#034; terrorized the streets of the capital. Neo-Duvalierists created the Union for National Reconciliation, led by Roger Lafontant. A wave of popular protest prevented this party from participating in the elections.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On December 16, 1990, Father Jean Bertrand Aristide, a supporter of &#034;liberation theology,&#034; won the presidential election by a landslide and became president on February 7, 1991. He was overthrown on September 30, 1991, by a coup d'&#233;tat led by General Raoul C&#233;dras, commander-in-chief of the army.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
An article from November 1991&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Haiti after the coup &#8211; While diplomacy deals with Aristide, the army deals with poor Haitians&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On September 29 and 30, the army high command seized power in Haiti, for the umpteenth time since the fall of the Duvalier dictatorship.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
But unlike previous coups, this latest one did not simply replace one general with another, one clique of officers with another. The ousted and expelled president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is the first civilian president elected under relatively regular conditions in the nearly two centuries since the existence of the Haitian state. He was elected in December 1990, by a veritable landslide victory, supported by the poorest classes of Haitian society, the impoverished peasantry, and the slum dwellers of the city's slums.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
This young priest, courageous during the final years of the Duvalier dictatorship, from a poor background, who denounced social inequalities, poverty, and the continued presence of Tonton Macoute dignitaries at the helm of power even after Duvalier's departure, had become, in just a few years, the hope of the impoverished Haitian masses who dreamed of change but did not yet imagine they could empower themselves to achieve it. His surprise candidacy in the December 1990 presidential election shook up an electoral campaign that the masses had previously observed with apathy. It sparked genuine electoral mobilization, thwarting manipulation and ballot stuffing in the cities and overcoming the traditional fear of the authorities in the countryside. Aristide was elected in the first round with 67% of the vote, some six times more than his closest rival, Bazin, a candidate who nevertheless had significant money and resources, and who was supported by both the Haitian bourgeoisie and Washington.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Washington and Paris, the two tutelary powers, with their constant stream of observers on the ground, immediately grasped the significance of the event, and despite their previously expressed reservations about Aristide, they were among the first to recognize the legitimacy of the new president.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aristide, already elected, wasn't even officially sworn in yet when the first coup attempt occurred to prevent it. On the night of January 7, a small group of civilians and military personnel, led by Roger Lafontant, Duvalier's former Minister of the Interior and the main leader of the far-right Macouti, occupied the presidential palace and forced the interim president, Ertha-Trouillot, still in office, to resign. But no sooner had the news spread than thousands, tens of thousands of men and women left the working-class neighborhoods to surround the presidential palace and the army headquarters, to the point that the army, initially cautiously waiting to see what would happen, decided to arrest the small group of coup plotters to protect them from the popular fury.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
And so, barely six months later, Aristide was brutally removed from the presidential palace, arrested but saved at the last minute by, it seems, the interventions of the French and American embassies, then sent to Venezuela.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This time, the coup plotters had prepared the ground. It wasn't one of those coups Haiti has become accustomed to since the fall of Duvalier&#8212;without going back any further&#8212;reduced to a showdown between rival military factions and sometimes resolved after a few exchanges of gunfire. This time, the population was targeted, to terrorize them, to prevent them from reacting as they had in January. The trucks from the &#034;military training camp&#034; from which the coup originated, supported by SUVs filled with armed civilians firing at anything that moved, had already claimed several hundred lives when General Cedras, the Chief of Staff, announced he was seizing power.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It does not matter whether the coup was prepared and executed from the outset by the general staff or whether the latter joined the movement once the coup had been initiated by the extreme right-wing Macoute, military or civilian (several hours after the start of the shooting, speaking of their perpetrators, Cedras was still saying &#034;the rebels&#034;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The armed repression was massive and bloody. The number of victims is estimated at over five hundred dead, with several thousand wounded. The indiscriminate shootings of the early days by an army that was all the more savage because it was not assured of victory, were followed by a more systematic, clearly class-based repression against the poor neighborhoods of Port-au-Prince, Carrefour, Bel Air, and against the slums of Cit&#233; Soleil, Cit&#233; Carton, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Initially, there were reactions in many neighborhoods of the capital and even more so, it seems, in some provincial towns. But in Port-au-Prince, systematic gunfire from armed military and civilian groups shattered any gatherings that might have converged on the city center, as had happened in January. Attempts to stop the military trucks with trenches and planks of nails were thwarted by the intensive use of firearms, which the population had not anticipated. In some provincial towns&#8212;notably Gona&#239;ve&#8212;the resistance was more determined, sometimes forcing the military to retreat locally. But it was an unequal struggle. The population was unprepared, neither materially nor, above all, politically, to face such a violent and bloody offensive by the army.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aristide and the army&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The population had, however, demonstrated its capacity to react in January. Furthermore, the army was numerically small, with only seven thousand soldiers for a population of six million, and, more importantly, for a capital city of nearly one million inhabitants, a large proportion of whom lived in the poorer neighborhoods. At the time of Aristide's rise to power, it was notoriously divided between cliques of officers more adept at trafficking and smuggling than at military service. Moreover, while the officer corps as a whole, as well as a segment of the troops heavily influenced by the far-right Macoute faction, harbored a visceral hatred for Aristide and the &#034;populace&#034; he claimed to represent, Aristide, on the other hand, enjoyed sympathy among some of the rank-and-file soldiers, generally drawn from the poor peasantry.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But neither Aristide, nor the &#034;progressive nationalist&#034; movements that, in the wake of Aristide's election, were propelled into the corridors of power, sought to prepare the poor masses for the inevitable confrontations with the army. Nor did they attempt to turn the soldiers loyal to the new regime against hostile officers, even indirectly, even by simply asking the soldiers to keep an eye on the latter so that they could, if necessary, prevent them from doing harm.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On the contrary. They went to great lengths to explain that, with Aristide's rise to power, the army had changed its character, that it was now linked to the people. Even Lafontant's failed coup, in which the army's role was far from glorious, served as an opportunity for Aristide to thank the army on behalf of the people for having defended democracy. Aristide was saying nothing different from the entire political establishment, or indeed, from Paris or Washington&#8212;but precisely. The man speaking was carried by the confidence, the hopes, and above all, the illusions of the impoverished majority of the population.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Even the few purges at the top of the army carried out by Aristide, or the dismissal of Chief of Staff Abraham in favor of the young Cedras, which were presented by both Aristide's friends and opponents as highly radical measures, contributed to deceiving and disarming those who had brought Aristide to power. Wasn't the new president demonstrating that he had more power than the general staff ? And didn't this young generation of senior officers, members of the general staff or barracks commanders, who occupied the positions left vacant by the survivors of the Duvalier era, represent a new army, more modern, less corrupt, and more accepting of democracy ? At least, that's what Aristide and the entire supposedly &#034;progressive&#034; movement stirring in his shadow kept repeating.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
It was Aristide himself who thus restored the credibility of the officer corps in the eyes of the soldiers. as in the army as a whole &#8211; that is to say, its general staff &#8211; among the people.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, on the night of July 28-29, a first alert, a first aborted attempt, was launched from the naval base in Port-au-Prince. It failed after several hours of negotiations, without Aristide or his Prime Minister Pr&#233;val deigning to offer the slightest explanation for the causes of the coup and the promises they had to make to defuse it.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Aristide and Parliament.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is true that, during the same period, Aristide and the so-called &#034;Lavalasse&#034; movement that supported him had other targets. The regime was heading towards an institutional crisis, pitting the President of the Republic against Parliament. The political class, traditionally as cowardly as it was ambitious, which had for a time kept its head down in the face of the landslide victory for Aristide, began to raise its head. Parliament was composed in part of spineless individuals gifted with exceptional resilience, who had managed to survive the successive military regimes of coup after coup since the fall of Duvalier (some had been in opposition to him, others, his former ministers). Facing them was a new generation of politicians, elected in the Aristide wave. These two rival components of Parliament, however, eventually found themselves united in a common hostility towards Aristide, who had little regard for Parliament and appointed a government composed of technocrats and close associates.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Aristide's supporters invoked the will of the people, who had given Aristide a majority. Those hostile to Aristide invoked the constitution and the rights of parliament. But they all wanted their role recognized and rewarded with a ministerial post or, at the very least, with one of those political positions that allowed them to appoint relatives and friends to lucrative posts within the state apparatus or nationalized companies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Despite their ambitions, the parliamentarians would have been too cowardly to unleash the parliamentary harassment against Aristide and his Prime Minister that took off just two or three months after Aristide's investiture and grew increasingly intense during the summer. But these parliamentarians&#8212;petty bourgeois opportunists admiring the wealthy bourgeoisie, or bourgeois themselves&#8212;sensed the shifting winds among the privileged classes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The vast majority of the privileged classes never forgave Aristide for stepping outside his role as &#034;priest of the poor&#034; (or more accurately, outside his role as a priest, period). They were even less forgiving of having been imposed on him by &#034;the populace.&#034; While the political leaders of the bourgeoisie, with the support of the American embassy, &#8203;&#8203;had spared no effort for several months&#8212;all verbal, but nonetheless&#8212;to convince the generals to withdraw from the political scene and allow elections to take place, it was to ensure the accession to the presidency of Marc Bazin, a former high-ranking international civil servant, former minister under Duvalier Jr., and above all, a true bourgeois and a man of the Americans. But not to install Aristide in the presidential chair !&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Once in power, however, Aristide did them no harm. He took no measures that could have curbed the appetites of a voracious privileged class, accustomed to making fortunes not through production&#8212;the productive sector being essentially in the hands of foreign capital... or the State&#8212;but through commerce, speculation on food prices, smuggling, and, more often than not, the outright plundering of state coffers. No measures were taken, not even in areas where a thorough overhaul would have been necessary from the perspective of the bourgeoisie's own general interests (no measures, for example, to stop smuggling, denounced by a segment of the bourgeoisie that suffered from it ; no measures to end the plundering of Haiti's electricity resources, even though capitalist enterprises not equipped to produce their own private electricity were doomed to disappear, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;No action was taken even against this layer of &#034;big shots&#034; who dominated the countryside by seizing state lands or dispossessing peasants of their land.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aristide therefore chose not to attempt even a simple reform of the most glaring injustices in Haitian society ; he didn't even try to modernize the functioning of the state and the economy, unlike some &#034;nationalist-progressive&#034; regimes in the developing world that had attempted in the past. This is similar to certain attempts made in Haiti itself in the past, notably by Salnave, the military man who briefly seized power in Haiti at the end of the last century to try to modernize the country through a paternalistic &#034;progressive&#034; dictatorship, and who proved capable of using the poor to break the resistance of the privileged classes, even paying off the former when they returned.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Even what was presented as a fight against corruption within the state apparatus, or as a struggle to &#034;de-Macoute&#034; the civil service&#8212;a fight that was obviously well-received by the poor majority of the population and which resulted in the dismissal of a considerable number of civil servants, officials, and even employees&#8212;often served as a cover for outright economic layoffs, or simply as a way to replace the men of the previous regime with new ones, not necessarily less corrupt or less arrogant toward the poor.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
But to deceive the poor, Aristide engaged in a flurry of speeches. He did the worst thing imaginable : he verbally promised measures against the privileged classes, but never took any action. He gave them the impression that the poor represented a threat to their wealth, their peace of mind, even their lives, but without giving the poor the means to defend themselves, let alone to assert their rights.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
This demagogic aspect of Aristide's rhetoric was, however, largely offset by other aspects directed toward the United States, the IMF, and the World Bank, toward which Aristide adopted a low profile. He himself, and even more so the nationalist leaders who supported him and who had previously made anti-Americanism and hostility toward the IMF the expression of their radicalism, executed a complete about-face. The American ambassador, and even more so the French ambassador, were propelled to the rank of friends of the Haitian people. Aristide's ministers announced their desire to cooperate with the IMF to secure loans.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Even with regard to the local bourgeoisie, Aristide's demagoguery stopped at the distinction, repeated throughout his speeches, between patriotic bourgeois&#8212;whose friendship the regime sought&#8212;and &#034;patripoche&#034; bourgeois. There again, it was just a clever turn of phrase...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, the privileged classes were not wrong to distrust, if not Aristide himself, then at least those who brought him to power. For Aristide's election was indeed perceived by the exploited classes as their victory. This is what engendered the illusions that would so greatly contribute to their disarmament on September 28-29. But before that, the idea that they had a friend in the presidential chair, a man close enough to understand them and who had become president thanks to them, encouraged their demands.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
This was true for the workers in the industrial zone who, a few weeks before the coup, began to mobilize, demanding an increase in the minimum wage of 15 gourdes&#8212;roughly the same amount as francs&#8212;per day, a meager sum in any case, but above all, eroded week after week by accelerating inflation. Oh, it wasn't a militant mobilization, at least not yet ; it was rather the desire to express an aspiration for a president whom they believed to be a friend. And since the minimum wage depended on a parliamentary vote, in opposition to Aristide, it even became a way to support him. Nevertheless, there was a shift in the climate that employers perceived as such, immediately launching a fierce press campaign against these workers' demands, which they claimed threatened to &#034;ruin the economy,&#034; and threatening to relocate their capital elsewhere, to another country in Central America or the Caribbean.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the countryside, too, changes occurred, still minor&#8212;challenges to the rights of land-grabbing gentry, delegations of peasants to the capital to complain to those in power about officials who were dispossessing them, a few land occupations&#8212;but these could only be felt intensely by the rural elite, accustomed to imposing their will on the poorest peasantry in Latin America.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
And then, in the capital, there were simply these poor, unemployed, day laborers living off odd jobs, vagrants, small-time dealers, who didn't demand much, but who dared to occupy bits of sidewalk in the bourgeois neighborhoods. This &#034;arrogance&#034; of the &#034;populace&#034; fueled the hatred of the privileged against those who couldn't, or worse, wouldn't &#034;control&#034; them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It was the rising hatred within the bourgeoisie that emboldened the parliamentarians before it did so to the general officers recently promoted by Aristide himself, who were generally children of wealthy neighborhoods, where they owned villas and swimming pools. Significantly, however, it was against parliament that Aristide was able, on occasion, to appeal to the streets. Thus, on August 13, when the Pr&#233;val government was threatened with a vote of no confidence, Aristide's supporters mobilized several thousand demonstrators from the poorer neighborhoods to violently oppose the vote&#8212;and successfully so. Having accomplished this, some of the demonstrators attacked the headquarters of the CATH, one of the country's main labor unions, whose leader, despite claiming allegiance to Aristide, was criticizing certain aspects of his policies. The premises were ransacked, as was that of the radical nationalist organization KID, whose leader was nevertheless one of the promoters of Aristide's campaign.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Given the feelings that parliament and parliamentarians inspired among the poor masses, Aristide's supporters had little difficulty mobilizing against them in the slums. Nevertheless, even though it was the slums that provided the troops, they were not mobilized to express their own aspirations or impose their own demands. They were mobilized, through obscure parliamentary maneuvers, to support a government that had done nothing for them. It is also true that parliament was merely a smokescreen. Parliament made people forget about the army. But it was from the army that the blows came.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
And when the army's time came, it benefited from the support of the bulk of the bourgeoisie, the privileged classes, the majority of whom were convinced that the chaos had to end.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aristide's troops&#8212;those hundreds of activists from working-class neighborhoods, whom Aristide said he wanted to form into a &#034;Lavalas militia,&#034; and who were beginning to learn how to organize the population in order to mobilize them in defense of the Pr&#233;val government&#8212;were, on the other hand, in no way prepared to train the population to defend itself against the army. This was, in part, undoubtedly linked to the level of determination of the population. But it was this way, above all, because the Aristide leaders wanted it that way.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aristide did not suffer the same fate as Allende. It is not even out of the question that he might serve again one day. But the masses were exposed to the blows.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
And now ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Unlike many other coups in the past in the South American hemisphere, it is unlikely that the United States was behind the coup in Haiti (although the American government may have its own policies, and its various agencies others). Even if Aristide was not their preferred choice, he offered them assurances of goodwill. Moreover, his election made it possible to ensure the pseudo-democratic transition that had seemed impossible to achieve since the fall of Duvalier, which dates back to February 1986, so great was the self-serving irresponsibility of the military clans who did not want to be removed, in favor of civilians, from the positions that best facilitated the plundering of state coffers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the United States, its ambassador who acts as the country's de facto prime minister, and its experts are the first to know that the Haitian army, whose brutality does not compensate for its internal corruption and incompetence, would be no match for a genuine popular uprising. Did American leaders have reason to fear that removing Aristide would provoke a popular uprising ? One can assume that the United States, or at least its political leaders, had no desire to try that. But one can also imagine that, once the experiment has been attempted&#8212;and succeeded&#8212;the United States will learn from it and accept the situation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While France condemned Aristide's overthrow and called for his reinstatement&#8212;albeit verbally, but it was a start&#8212;the United States adopted a more nuanced stance, which evolved over time. It is also true that France, a small power but one whose distant colonial past fueled certain ambitions in Haiti, seemed to have placed its bets on Aristide to bolster its position against the Americans.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But it is the United States that matters. After condemning the coup and initially calling for Aristide's return, they soon began to adopt the accusations of dictatorial tendencies leveled against Aristide. This shift mirrors the shift observed by the coup leaders themselves. Cedras has always maintained that he seized power only to prevent Aristide from establishing his dictatorship. And to demonstrate his &#034;democratic&#034; goodwill, he did not take the presidential seat, but instead installed the person who, according to the constitutional order of succession, should replace the president and prime minister in the event of a vacancy : the senior judge of the Court of Cassation, Joseph N&#233;rette. And to further this charade of respect for the constitution, he forced parliament, surrounded by the army, to officially ratify the choice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In truth, military coercion did the parliamentarians more good than it frightened them (except for Aristide's few loyalists). In the event of unrest, they could use coercion as an excuse for having done what they wanted. While the army was massacring people in the streets, carrying out raids and arrests, the new &#034;interim president&#034; appointed a prime minister, a former president of a human rights league (!), who began negotiating with representatives of the political parties, none of which were banned. Rid of Aristide, the entire political scene&#8212;including Th&#233;odore, head of the Haitian Communist Party&#8212;rediscovered its purpose, began to conspire, discuss future elections, distance itself more from Aristide's &#034;dictatorial tendencies&#034; than from the actual dictatorship of the army, and thus prepare a new &#034;democratic transition&#034; with new elections, which the army seems willing to accept.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
While the United States remained committed to the economic embargo against the new government, a common ground was emerging between its leaders and Cedras to find a way to return to &#034;constitutional order.&#034; Cedras declared himself ready to hold elections as soon as possible&#8212;it was only Aristide's return that he categorically opposed. He knew that, on this issue, he fairly well represented the sentiments of Haiti's privileged classes who, on the one hand, wanted the embargo lifted&#8212;the oil embargo in particular risked paralyzing all economic activity&#8212;even if it meant reinstating Aristide, but who feared even more that Aristide might return as a victor and that this return could trigger an explosion of uncontrollable anger and a desire for revenge among the poor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Oh, Aristide, for his part, is making political concessions ! First, to the army, from whose &#034;healthy elements&#034; he always declares the return to democracy must be expected ! Then to the foreign powers&#8212;the United States, France, and even Venezuela, which is hosting him&#8212;in whose actions he declares he is placing his hopes. And finally, to the fears of even the privileged classes and the political class, by gradually reducing his demands, by agreeing to be subordinate to parliament, and thus virtually accepting the role of a president who merely inaugurates chrysanthemums. He is now asking for practically nothing more than the replacement of Cedras as head of the army&#8212;which, incidentally, allows him to place the blame for the military coup and repression solely on the &#034;madness&#034; or &#034;ambition&#034; of the Chief of Staff. But perhaps Aristide will even have to accept Cedras. Will he be able to return to the presidency then ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The United States might accept Aristide's return, which some Latin American countries, like Venezuela, strongly support. But this return must not appear as a victory for the poor masses, but rather as a gift from Western democracies.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The problem for the United States, as for the privileged classes, is not Aristide, but still and always this impoverished Haitian mass, with its immense capacity to endure misery and oppression, from which all the scoundrels, great and small, who have made fortunes off its back have so greatly benefited ; but also with its sudden, explosive outbursts of anger. As a French senior officer naively reminded us recently when questioned about the possibility of a French military intervention in Haiti to &#034;restore democracy&#034; : &#034;After all, it was the Haitians who gave the French army, the best in the world at the time, under Napoleon, a truly memorable thrashing.&#034; The Haitians that French and American leaders fear are not Cedras and his army, certainly not. The entire problem for the imperialist powers is convincing this army to behave more responsibly. But above all, without harming it, because if this army collapses, how could the United States avoid military intervention, either direct or under the auspices of the OAS (Organization of American States) ?&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
An article from January 1992&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Haitian army, being nothing more than a collection of armed brigands driven primarily by the immediate interests of the various cliques into which it is divided&#8212;each more or less linked to similar cliques within the privileged civilian class&#8212;even if C&#233;dras wants the &#034;Th&#233;odore solution,&#034; he would need considerable maneuvering to impose it. The Cafeteria (Editor's note : a military unit linked to the Tonton Macoutes, the group behind the coup) has not necessarily had its final say. And even if there are means&#8212;money, promises of promotion, perks&#8212;to defuse Major Fran&#231;ois's opposition, he constantly breeds others like him within the ranks of an officer caste rotten to the core. Especially since this segment of the privileged class, enriching itself within or around the Tonton Macoute mafias, has just demonstrated once again, through its protests around Parliament, etc., that it does not want anyone to alter the current situation, which suits it perfectly. It only takes one of the Tonton Macoute clans to feel, rightly or wrongly, threatened with being removed from a lucrative position for its allies or henchmen in the barracks to attempt yet another armed coup.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And we saw, on September 30th, how the action triggered by a limited number of soldiers from the Cafeteria and the Training Camp (Editor's note : the other military unit behind the coup), supported and financed by bourgeois Tonton Macoutes, drew in the entire army, and then, from there, the whole political class. C&#233;dras, like his predecessors, prefers to follow the initiatives of the regiments most directly linked to the Tonton Macoutes, which are also often the most irresponsible, even from the perspective of the privileged class's interests, rather than dismantle the army. And on this point, C&#233;dras knows he can count on the understanding of American leaders. The United States would have no trouble bringing this small and uncombative army to heel, an army whose irresponsibility and corruption bother them. But it is the only army at their disposal in Haiti to control the poor. There are no others. Unless it is in a political position to intervene militarily, or to deploy troops from another nation, the United States will protect the Haitian army, that is, its general staff and officer corps. If the United States is powerless in the face of the Haitian army's political incompetence and irresponsibility, it is because it does not want to do otherwise. And it is the same political mechanism that ensures that even the few&#8212;very rare !&#8212;intellectual leaders within the general staff, those capable of understanding that the pseudo-democratic form of government in no way threatens the role of the army&#8212;in many Latin American &#034;democracies,&#034; starting with Venezuela and Colombia, the army plays a role in social life as overwhelming as in Haiti, if not more so&#8212;even these &#034;intellectual leaders&#034; always end up giving in to the most corrupt and macho elements within the army. This was demonstrated under Avril. It is being rebuilt under C&#233;dras. The C&#233;dras or the Avril cannot attack the Fran&#231;ois, R&#233;gala, J.-C. Paul, except with a blunted foil, without really hurting them &#8211; except by poisoning them secretly (Editor's note : allusion to the death of J.-C. Paul, head in his time of the main barracks of the capital, notorious drug trafficker, who died of poisoning).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is why C&#233;dras is equivocating and trying to appease the hotheads in the army. This is also why, incidentally, the army will always be marked by the Macoute regime, subject to pressure from the far right. This is why only fools can dream of a &#034;democratic army,&#034; and only those who want to deceive the poor can defend the illusion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Theodore, prime minister ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Although not certain, Theodore's accession to the post of Prime Minister is nevertheless not implausible.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The bourgeoisie, almost entirely delighted by the coup of September 30th, is nonetheless suffering the consequences of the embargo. Oh, not personally : for those with money, there is no embargo. While the poor starve, as the price of rice, sugar, and so on has skyrocketed, the bourgeoisie have no trouble obtaining luxury foodstuffs, and if they so desire, eating caviar and drinking champagne. Not all of them are even suffering from the embargo in their businesses. For those who profit from smuggling&#8212;generally the sectors most closely linked to the Tonton Macoutes&#8212;the embargo is even a gift : it fuels smuggling, it allows them to raise prices to increase profits and shift the blame onto the embargo. Moreover, since the &#034;Lavalas supporters&#034; (Editor's note : Aristide's followers) offer only the embargo as a hope to the poor masses, the latter don't even protest against the price increases for fear of appearing to oppose the embargo. By enduring the price hikes, the poor believe they are suffering for Aristide's return, when in reality, they are only suffering to further enrich a number of large merchants and speculators.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Despite its advantages for some in the privileged class, the embargo is nonetheless detrimental to the businesses of all those who rely on &#034;legal&#034; international trade : subcontractors in the industrial zone, companies that buy or sell abroad. Furthermore, the embargo's impact on fuel supplies makes it more difficult for all productive businesses to operate.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If, therefore, the appointment of Theodore &#8211; whose servility towards them has been evident to the privileged classes over the past five years &#8211; is likely to give the United States a pretext for abandoning the embargo, it would suit the interests of a large part of the bourgeoisie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From the American perspective, it may seem paradoxical that Washington would accept, even sponsor, the appointment of a man who is still the secretary-general of a party that proudly proclaims itself communist, even if he promises to resign should he become Prime Minister. And Washington would surely have preferred Bazin. This old &#034;communist&#034; label itself&#8212;which the Americans know perfectly well means nothing, given that Th&#233;odore is even prepared to stoop lower toward the US than Duvalier did at certain times&#8212;nonetheless provides an advantage from the Americans' point of view. They trumpet their commitment to the &#034;democratic process.&#034; As recently as early December, Alvin Adams stated in an interview on Radio M&#233;tropole that there was no question of ending the embargo before the &#034;restoration of constitutional order,&#034; which requires &#034;the return of Aristide.&#034; Alvin Adams &#8211; like the State Department &#8211; &#8203;&#8203;would like to be able to do without Aristide, but he needs a solution that leaves him in the good role of defender of democracy, even if that word only covers a barely disguised dictatorship.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But what more could be asked of the military as a &#034;democratic gesture&#034; than to accept as Prime Minister a &#034;man of the left,&#034; even a former &#034;communist,&#034; who also has Aristide's own endorsement ? The United States, which doesn't need to be more royalist than the king, could then proclaim that the democratic process was back on track&#8212;and lift the embargo. Even if, &#034;temporarily,&#034; Aristide were asked to remain abroad, as Theodore envisioned. Even if, behind the puppet Theodore, the army had a completely free hand to continue its policy of repression, as well as its lucrative little schemes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There remains the army itself. From the perspective of the political leaders within the military, Th&#233;odore has several advantages. He was the first non-Macoute political leader to support the military coup and to hail C&#233;dras as the &#034;savior of democracy.&#034; This deserves recognition. Especially since it wasn't a moment of weakness : from 1986 onward, from Namphy to Avril, Th&#233;odore had courted every general who came to power. And when he seemed to pursue an &#034;independent&#034; policy toward the general in the presidential chair, it was to support Colonel Jean-Claude Paul.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Furthermore, Th&#233;odore made many political concessions to the Macoute circles themselves. He was one of those who, after Duvalier's fall, campaigned for &#034;national unity,&#034; even explicitly stating that Duvalierists should have their place in this union.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
It is not certain, however, that Theodore will be accepted by the Macoutic circles and their extensions within the army. Hence, to convince them, Theodore's veritable declaration of love during his press conference addressed to the army. But since feelings aren't everything, Theodore also promises the army money and greater resources.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Honorat or Theodore : in any case, power will be in the hands of the general staff.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The coming days will reveal who will impose their solution : those in the ruling circles willing to make some concessions to the &#034;democratic process&#034;&#8212;that is, to the American recommendation to disguise the dictatorship behind a constitutional fa&#231;ade&#8212;or those who refuse. This will inevitably lead to a kind of showdown between the powerful figures in power. This showdown may remain discreet, but it could also manifest itself in armed demonstrations, or even a new attempted coup. Theodore's home was reportedly threatened for the first time by an armed military group. It seems that, despite the &#034;assurances&#034; he claims to have, some soldiers are not to be believed. Given the army's state of indiscipline, even within its own high command, and even if the &#034;assurances&#034; come from C&#233;dras himself, they are no guarantee of success... [...]. If the Th&#233;odore government finally takes office and the United States gives it its blessing&#8212;and if the military agrees, why wouldn't they, since even Aristide endorses Th&#233;odore&#8212;the poor masses will then witness the full extent of democracy granted to them under the aegis of the privileged classes. The absolute power of the section leaders in the countryside ; the systematic interventions of the military in slums ; the repression, the torture, the assassinations ; the right of all those who hold a shred of power, by virtue of their uniform, their revolver, their position&#8212;or their money&#8212;to steal from and plunder the poorest. Just like before. Just like in Duvalier's time. Except that multiparty politics will exist&#8212;but it has existed for five years already, and even the perpetrators of the September 30th coup didn't abolish it&#8212;and that clashes, verbal or armed, in Parliament will serve as a substitute for &#034;democracy.&#034; These cowardly, greedy, spineless parliamentarians, subservient to every passing power, are, at best, what is granted to the poor masses as &#034;representatives of the people.&#034; And this Parliament, which, without even changing its composition, has shifted from supporting Aristide to supporting C&#233;dras-N&#233;rette-Honorat, is the supreme guarantor of &#034;democracy&#034; !&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
It is likely that the poor masses won't even have the right to Aristide's return, because a &#034;solution&#034; will surely be found to keep him away, held only in reserve by the imperialist powers, in case, in the future, it becomes necessary to appease the poor masses. But if, despite everything, Aristide were allowed to return and if he were not transformed into a martyr by a Tonton Macoute soldier as soon as he set foot on Haitian soil, he would in any case be a helpless hostage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Military policy&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the shadow of the negotiations under the auspices of the OAS, the army continues its policy of repression. During the coup, the indiscriminate, widespread repression aimed to strike the masses, to terrorize them. This was intertwined with the vengeance of all the Tonton Macoute thugs who felt threatened under Aristide, even though Aristide merely made speeches against them, without actually harming them.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
For the past few weeks, something else has emerged. Through arrests, house searches, and targeted assassinations of activists, a political will is manifesting itself : the will to decimate, demoralize, and incapacitate this generation of activists who emerged before and after the overthrow of Duvalier&#8212;these women and men who lead associations, neighborhood committees, and the Ti &#201;glise (a Haitian parish church), who provide the foundation for the political organizations that claim to want to change Haiti in a more democratic direction.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These few thousand young people had many successive illusions, and their determination to act had many limits. Their perspectives were vague, and generally boiled down to the conviction that the order of things under Duvalier should not return, but without really knowing what needed to be done to make that happen.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But their mere existence was a threat to the established order, to the privileged class, to the military. Not for who they were or what they said, but for what they were likely to become. And also for what they did&#8212;despite the moderate nature of their activities&#8212;because the peasant associations, the youth groups in the countryside, and the neighborhood committees in the cities represented, in themselves, a challenge to the authority of the section leaders, a threat to control embezzlement, a structure parallel to the military structures. And even though the committees and associations never gathered large numbers, were neither very active nor radical, they did, in fact, foster a climate of political discussion. The ruling class in Haiti never tolerated the development of such a breeding ground. From it could emerge activists and organizations capable of providing the poor masses with the frameworks and structures they need to defend themselves and, fearing the fears of the wealthy, to liberate themselves !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Despite the repression, this activist milieu did not disappear. But it was severely tested and, above all, lacked prospects. It believed in democracy and freedom, and this conviction gave it the courage to overthrow Duvalier. It then believed in elections, but the massacres in Vaillante Alley blocked this prospect. Disoriented, it regained hope and believed it had found a new direction when Aristide ran for office.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Aristide was elected. But&#8212;whatever one's opinion of his six months in power&#8212;September 30th showed that this power depended on the goodwill of the army, and that, despite what Aristide himself said, it was the same army as before, ferocious against the exploited classes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What are the prospects ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The activists who emerged in 1986 and who weren't so terrified by the repression that they abandoned the struggle are, in a way, at a crossroads.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Those who are frightened by the repression, who become discouraged, are, in a sense, vindicating the military, who will conclude that terror is effective. But one cannot be an activist forever without prospects. And the one offered by the Lavalas leadership is not one. Distributing leaflets, doing graffiti, etc., to support the embargo certainly requires courage from the activists who do it, and this courage deserves respect. But the embargo doesn't depend at all on the activists. It depends on Bush's decisions. He can abandon it whenever it suits him. To offer this to the activists is to offer them inactivity, powerlessness. Furthermore, this means using them to campaign and spread illusions among the masses&#8212;the illusion that they can trust the leaders of the imperialist world, the Bushes, Mitterrands, or Ocampos, to fulfill their democratic aspirations. But what will happen tomorrow if the embargo only results in a Theodore-Cedras government ? How can we continue to honestly justify the sacrifices imposed on the poorest in the name of the embargo ? Activists must reflect on this question. They must realize the futility of this policy. Are the masses not sufficiently mobilized or mobilizable to propose an alternative ? Perhaps. But making them believe in Santa Claus or Bush's democratic goodwill won't help raise awareness among the poor and, above all, in their self-confidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And then there's something else. The embargo, even as presented by the Lavalas leadership, is only a means to an end. The goal is to bring Aristide back.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
But even if they succeeded ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The day before the coup, Aristide was exactly where the Lavalas supporters wanted to put him. He theoretically held power. He had the support of 67% of the electorate. And yet, the clearly expressed will of more than two million men and women&#8212;to speak only of those who voted&#8212;was trampled upon by this corrupt, undisciplined, pathetic, and ferocious army, by barely more than four thousand men, some of whom were actually Aristide supporters.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But how was this possible ? Why were four thousand men able to impose their choice of leaders on several million citizens ? And above all, how can this be prevented in the future, even in the &#034;optimistic&#034; event that current developments lead to the return of Aristides ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To ask these questions honestly, and to pursue them to their logical conclusion, is to challenge the policies of Aristide and the Lavalas leadership during their time in government. It is to challenge the lie of the &#034;people-army alliance,&#034; to challenge an entire policy that consisted of offering the poor only words of hope, while the bourgeoisie was given advantages under the pretext of winning them over to the &#034;Aristide cause.&#034; Ultimately, the bourgeoisie financed the coup, and the poor masses, denied the means to defend themselves and whose heads were filled with a false sense of security, were unable to defend themselves.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Activists who do not ask themselves these questions, who do not dare to go all the way with these ideas and break with their past illusions, are condemned, at best, to ineffectiveness and at worst, in the event that the masses were to get into a frenzy to the point of forcing the ruling classes to bring back Aristide to calm them down, they would be active accomplices in lies to disarm them again.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To accuse the poor, present or future, of being incapable of resisting the military would be sickeningly stupid. The country's so-called &#034;elites&#034; have always accused &#034;the people&#034; of not being ready for democracy, not being ready for development. And this kind of accusation came from this &#034;elite,&#034; this intelligentsia, whose few most honest members have generally always fled abroad to secure a less wretched life ; and whose majority used their knowledge and positions to contribute to the privileged classes' plundering of the people.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid replicating this attitude within activist circles is to clearly and consciously choose the side of the exploited classes. There is no room in Haiti, not even for a truly effective democracy, without choosing to fight to organize the exploited classes, the working class first and foremost, discreetly, piecemeal during difficult times, and increasingly openly as the poor learn to defend themselves. Even for the relative freedoms and rights granted to other peoples, we cannot rely on top-down solutions. Salvation can only come from below. The working class and the poor neighborhoods organizing for their class interests&#8212;political as well as material&#8212;and giving themselves the means to defend themselves, this is the only possible foundation for democracy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But this cannot be achieved by incantation, by chance, in the heat of events. It requires activists who defend this policy. It requires that they have made a fundamental choice beforehand. And this choice is that of the only political strategy that stems from the idea that it is the seizure and exercise of power by the organized proletariat that can radically transform society and overthrow not only the officer caste, the Tonton Macoutes, but the entire propertied class&#8212;that is to say, the choice of Marxism and communism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At a time when the possibility of Theodore coming to power, as well as the collapse of regimes in Eastern European countries, shows the depth of the rot reached by &#034;official&#034; communism, this ideology which has only kept the &#034;communist&#034; label to better betray its spirit, to serve the bureaucracy of the former Soviet Union, it is essential that our generation of activists, after so many illusions, errors, hesitations, uncertainties, reconnect with the ideas of class struggle, with communism, with the battles that the proletariat wages, through its advances and retreats, to overthrow the power of the bourgeoisie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And if this choice is made, even by a significant fraction of the activist community, a truly revolutionary organization serving the proletariat could emerge from the trials of repression. A revolutionary organization whose activists would retain the enthusiasm of the youth of 1986, but without their illusions and naivet&#233;. Activists who would know that freedom and democracy are inseparable from social equality, and that this social equality will not be given to the exploited classes, but rather that the exploited classes have the power to impose it by taking control of all the wealth of this country and its use. In that case, history may hold surprises not only for the uniformed executioners, but for the entire bourgeoisie, both Haitian and international.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
An article from 1993&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The return of Aristide [&#8230;] that is the concession that the general staff has agreed to [&#8230;].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This was, in fact, the only concession. For the rest, Aristide was forced to concede on almost everything. The American press reported that, until the very last moment, Aristide hesitated to sign the agreement, so many unsavory things were being asked of him. But at the last minute, he finally gave in. To save face, he refused to meet C&#233;dras personally. But upon his return, he will have to meet and interact daily, if not with C&#233;dras himself, then at least with the other members of the general staff, who are equally responsible for the September 30th coup. Incidentally, the Lavalas supporters (1) present as a sign of Aristide's future power the fact that he will be responsible for appointing the future commander-in-chief. This is an outrageous claim after what happened on September 30, 1991, under the authority of C&#233;dras, who had already been appointed by Aristide. But in addition, Aristide would have to appoint the new commander-in-chief from among the generals of the high command, and there were only four, all equally responsible for establishing and maintaining the military dictatorship : Biambi, Duperval, Max Mayard, and C&#233;dras himself.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
On the most important issue, Aristide had already conceded long before the Governor's Island negotiations by granting amnesty to the entire army for its coup. He only clung, for months, to the idea of &#8203;&#8203;expelling C&#233;dras from the army and even from the country. This was tantamount to absolving the civilian and military leaders responsible for September 30th, because it certainly wasn't C&#233;dras alone, nor even flanked by Colonel Fran&#231;ois, who personally massacred the three thousand victims of the repression. But at the last minute, they even persuaded him that C&#233;dras himself would not be dismissed, but rather &#034;assert his right to retirement.&#034; The army thus refused to provide even a single scapegoat from its own ranks. No, on the contrary, its leaders proudly asserted that they had been right to stage the coup, thereby bringing about, to use C&#233;dras's recent cynical expression, a &#034;democratic correction&#034; to Aristide's regime. By signing the Governor's Island Agreement, Aristide not only absolved the army of the past coup, but he also implicitly granted it the right to bring about this kind of &#034;democratic correction&#034; to the functioning of the political system in the future.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Not only will the army still be there after October 30th, with the same general staff, the same hierarchy, the same rabid dogs, and therefore in a position to overthrow Aristide whenever it chooses, but it will be able to do so with the tacit approval Aristide has just given it. Furthermore, the threat of a coup will serve as justification, even for the Lavalas leaders, to oppose all demands and even to disavow demonstrations in favor of Aristide. &#034;No provocations&#034; so as not to give pretexts to the coup plotters. This is the name on which the opposition will be silenced. Without even having to intervene, the general staff will exert constant pressure on political life. Which will not prevent it, however much Aristide discredits himself, from intervening anyway. [&#8230;]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From today onward, however, there is a pretense of recognizing Aristide as head of state. He will officially appoint the future Prime Minister, whom the American advisors have undoubtedly already chosen for him. This Prime Minister will, however, have to be approved by Parliament.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
There is obviously a surreal aspect to the power theoretically granted to this collection of doormats, on which all the military have wiped their feet, called Parliament and the Senate. And let's not dwell on the ridiculousness of all these people, fussing about, taking themselves seriously in the role assigned to them. They do, however, have a function. By pretending to increase the role of Parliament, that of the President of the Republic is diminished.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We saw how easily the army dismissed Aristide two years ago, even though he enjoyed the authority of the most widely elected president in Haiti's history and was accused of concentrating too much power in his own hands, particularly in relation to Parliament. Well, this time, even officially, he will have only a limited role. The Prime Minister will govern. Parliament will control the Prime Minister. And of course, the army will still be overseeing everyone, under the tutelage of the United States. And Aristide will no longer be the &#034;elected president,&#034; but the &#034;rehabilitated&#034; president, brought back by the grace of the United States, as conservative publications like Haiti Observateur are already keen to point out.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It doesn't matter ; Aristide is now, once again, the president. His signature will now be required on official documents. He was even given permission to speak on national radio. Oh, with precautions, so as not to offend the military or the Tonton Macoutes : Aristide had to make his first statement since the signing of the Governor's Island Agreement on an American radio station. But the national radio stations agreed to broadcast his speech. It's true that he wasn't at all aggressive toward the military coup leaders. On the contrary, he addressed the army, saying that it is &#034;the responsibility of the current leaders of the military institution to guarantee everyone's safety.&#034; His message was heeded : that very evening, the military, in the name of maintaining order, beat Lavalas activists and sympathizers who were demonstrating in Cit&#233; Soleil, brandishing portraits of Aristide. [&#8230;]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Why did the United States sponsor Aristide's return ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Although the acceleration of negotiations for Aristide's return in recent weeks is clearly the result of increased pressure from US leaders, for many poor people it is still their victory.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is some truth in this feeling among the poor masses. Ultimately, it is the fear of the poor masses and their revolts, both in Haiti itself and, more generally, in the volatile region of the Caribbean and Central America, that makes Aristide useful to American imperialism (just as Juan Bosch is useful to them in the Dominican Republic) (2). But only ultimately, because if, in practice, the Americans have accelerated the movement for Aristide's return, it is precisely because the masses are demobilized and Aristide's return will only be perceived as a victory passively, and certainly not as a dangerous encouragement to join the struggle. Moreover, this is one of the reasons why the imperialist powers, who have treated Aristide as head of state from the beginning, have nevertheless been in no hurry to pressure the military to accept his return ; One of the reasons, also for adding, even now, an additional waiting period until October 30, is that the imperialist leaders want it to be done gradually, so that the masses do not emerge from their apathy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Because if the choice to bring back Aristide was made by the Americans the day after the coup, it was obviously not to respect the feelings and interests of the poor masses but to deceive and demobilize them and avoid the danger represented by these hundreds of thousands of poor Haitians gripped by hunger, living in subhuman conditions and, moreover, terrorized by a bloody military dictatorship that is hardening day by day.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aristide still lives on in the hearts of the poor masses of the population, despite everything. By sponsoring his return, the United States is trying to regain his credibility for maintaining order and stability in Haiti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That's why they used their influence to convince the army to accept the return. The UN-imposed blockade is also a means of exerting pressure. While some sectors of the bourgeoisie benefit, others suffer. The political and military crisis triggered by the September 30th coup is detrimental to business. It's no coincidence that the meeting of political parties to give parliamentary cover to the US-dictated solution will be followed by a meeting of Haitian and American business leaders and IMF representatives with Aristide. Haiti interests them, especially because of the low wages. But for business to thrive, order is essential. And social peace is crucial : that's what they're asking Aristide to guarantee.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The far-right Macoutic movement and so-called progressive nationalists oppose American interference.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A civilian mission, and soon an international police force, are supposed to guarantee the smooth running of the transition period.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The civilian mission is already in place. Its members are not solely occupied with lounging by the pools of the luxury hotels where they are staying. Radio M&#233;tropole reported that it organized meetings in several provincial cities, bringing together section leaders and the officers or non-commissioned officers commanding local military posts, to convince them of the necessity of democracy. At the end of these meetings, notably in Hinche, they distributed the text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to the soldiers present. The latter must have appreciated this commendable educational effort. The mission was somewhat less successful in front of Saint-Jean Bosco (3) or in Cit&#233; Soleil where, although duly summoned by Lavalas officials, the international observers had to be content with watching the soldiers beat the demonstrators, while themselves being subjected to a barrage of insults.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As for the military mission, it hasn't arrived yet. The signatories and protectors of Governor's Island are being very discreet about it. It is expected to consist of around a thousand military personnel, from Latin American countries or perhaps Francophone countries, officially intended to ensure that the transition takes place.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Would this military presence discourage any potential coup attempts by the most hardline Macoutic factions ? Perhaps, but it's not certain. It is at least as much intended to demobilize the poor masses, if only by reinforcing the argument : there's no need to mobilize to protect Aristide's return ; there are troops for that.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, however, the potential presence of these foreign troops is the pretext invoked by the Macoutic circles to cloak their inherent hostility to Aristide's return in the trappings of outraged nationalism. This is nothing new. For two years, the military coup leaders, the far-right Macoutic faction, and drug traffickers have made extensive use of nationalist or Black nationalist demagoguery to deny anyone the right to interfere with their freedom to traffic and murder in their own country. All this, of course, does not prevent them from depositing their stolen money with the very imperialist power whose interference they pretend to oppose, nor from whining for its recognition.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, the denunciation of foreign intervention is also the reason invoked by some so-called progressive nationalists, such as Ben Dupuy and more generally the Haiti Progress movement, to distance themselves from Aristide.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The poor should certainly not see these foreign troops as friends, much less protectors, even if they are officially sent to protect Aristide's return. These troops, instruments of United States policy, are just as much enemies of the poor masses as the Haitian army.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But the verbal anti-imperialism of people like Ben Dupuy shouldn't obscure the fact that these same people didn't protest at all, let alone resign, when Aristide, still at the National Palace, advocated for a marriage between the army and the people. These nationalist-progressive cliques are just as responsible as the most moderate Lavalas supporters for the disastrous policies that disarmed the poor in the face of the army. And even today, by breaking with Aristide on the issue of verbal anti-imperialism, these people continue to deceive the poor, concealing their responsibility for the repression by the national state apparatus, the national army. Indeed, it is precisely in this that even their supposed anti-Americanism, even their supposed anti-imperialism, to which their progressive political identity is limited, is completely bogus. Since the American occupation troops were withdrawn from this country almost sixty years ago, it is indeed &#034;our&#034; national state apparatus, it is indeed &#034;our&#034; army, &#034;our&#034; political class, that have been the principal instruments of imperialism.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
That is why workers, day laborers, the unemployed, the rural poor, the proletariat have nothing to expect from either the protagonists of the Governor's Island Agreement or its most vocal opponents [&#8230;]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Voice of the Workers, July 15, 1993&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
***&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Since this text was written, the process imposed by the United States has begun. A process of democratization ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Not even on the garden side !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Oh, the actors planned in the &#034;democratization&#034; scenario played their parts. Aristide, for starters, inaugurated his role as &#034;restored president&#034; by gracing with his presence this meeting of businessmen, organized in Miami. There, American capitalists interested in subcontracting in Haiti met with representatives of major Haitian bourgeois dynasties, such as Mews and Bigio, proud to have financed the coup, and Brandt, the &#034;Rockefeller of Haiti,&#034; according to the Miami Herald, who reportedly spearheaded a fundraising effort among business leaders to help the coup government pay the soldiers' salaries. The highlight of the meeting was Aristide's embrace of the president of the Haitian Chamber of Commerce, representing all these prominent figures. These same business circles had no trouble accepting Aristide's nomination of Robert Malval, the head of one of Haiti's largest printing companies, as his candidate for Prime Minister.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The constitutional procedure was scrupulously respected. The Senate, then Parliament, debated Malval's candidacy, with numerous motions and counter-motions. Malval indulged himself by giving his government a vaguely &#034;left-wing&#034; slant, by including some former ministers or high-ranking officials from the &#034;Lavalas&#034; government overthrown by the army ; by giving the Ministry of National Education to the current leader of KONAKOM, a party considered &#034;socialist&#034; ; and by appointing as Minister of Social Affairs a close associate of Th&#233;odore, former Secretary General of the former Communist Party.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In his inaugural address, Malval preached &#034;national unity&#034;, &#034;forgetting the past&#034;, &#034;dialogue between all&#034;, before calling &#034;on all exiles without exception to return to the country&#034;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The call was heeded. Generals Namphy and Avril, the two military dictators of the post-Duvalier era, who had been in exile even under C&#233;dras's military dictatorship, returned to the country. Frank Romain, one of the leading figures of the Duvalier regime, also returned. Simone Duvalier, wife of Fran&#231;ois and mother of Jean-Claude, is leaving for Haiti. And rumors are circulating about the possibility of Jean-Claude Duvalier himself returning. Thus, it is possible that the former dictator, ousted in 1986, could be back in Haiti even before Aristide, the current president, can set foot there again.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Even behind the scenes, the &#034;democratization&#034; is therefore primarily benefiting the far-right Macouti faction. This was enough, however, for the United States, as soon as Malval was sworn in, to consider democracy underway, lift the embargo, and unfreeze the accounts in American banks of the most notorious figures responsible for the coup.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On the inside, this brand-new Caribbean democracy is a carbon copy of the military dictatorship. Even during the inauguration ceremony of Malval, Aristide's designated Prime Minister, soldiers beat the few dozen young people who had gathered near the gates of the National Palace to cheer Aristide. And the few Lavalas activists, naive enough to take Malval's call for the &#034;return of the exiles&#034; at face value, who decided to leave their internal exile to return to their towns or villages, were generally seized upon arrival, beaten, arrested, and sometimes tortured by the official authorities, who were now supposed to be obeying Malval and Aristide.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The American &#034;great democracy&#034; is quite ready to accept these imperfections in the democratic process... There are plenty of other &#034;democracies&#034; of this ilk in this world. However, it may be more troubled by the provocative activism of all those who, Governor's Island Agreement or not, Cedras Agreement or not, do not want Aristide's return, any more than they want anyone to touch their privileges, large or small, their positions, or their illicit activities.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The &#034;attach&#233;s&#034;&#8212;a kind of civilian auxiliary to the army&#8212;have twice expressed, in a provocative and undisguised manner, their hostility to the ongoing process. The first time was by assassinating several supporters of Evans Paul, the legitimate mayor of Port-au-Prince, during his attempt to be reinstated in office. The second time, by intervening, armed, against the peaceful commemoration of the massacre at the Saint John Bosco church, perpetrated during the Namphy dictatorship. Ism&#233;ry, a prominent liberal businessman close to Aristide, was killed by several shots fired at point-blank range, and five other people present were murdered with machetes, before the assassins calmly left. All this happened in front of UN observers who, in fact, witnessed...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These are not isolated reactions from a few far-right thugs. A segment of the privileged class, starting with the military hierarchy, profits too much from smuggling, racketeering, and drug trafficking to even risk being excluded from it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Will the United States eventually intervene, either directly or under the auspices of the UN or the Organization of American States ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Will they simply postpone Aristide's return until the legitimate president, exercising his fictitious prerogatives from emigration, finally reaches the end of his term ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Faced with the clear refusal of part of the army and the far-right Macoutic to accept Aristide's return, American leaders are speaking with increasing insistence of a &#034;new police force&#034;, overseen by specialists from an international intervention force.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Haitian army is small in number, poorly disciplined, with a hierarchy corrupt to the core, and largely linked to drug trafficking. But it is the only force facing the impoverished masses&#8212;with, it is true, the support of auxiliary troops under the &#034;section leaders,&#034; the &#034;attach&#233;s,&#034; the private militias of the powerful (4), and the far-right Macoutic movement. This is why, despite all the talk of &#034;democratization,&#034; the United States is careful with the Haitian army, just as the army protects the far-right Macoutic movement&#8212;even though they would like to use the pretext of protecting Aristide to train it, modernize it, and make it somewhat more reliable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The impoverished masses of Haiti cannot even hope for the right to a few democratic freedoms without the army and its auxiliaries being swept aside. At certain points during the last seven years&#8212;in the months following Duvalier's fall, as well as later, just before Aristide's rise to the presidency, when a spontaneous and violent mobilization of the poor neighborhoods thwarted an initial coup attempt&#8212;these masses clashed with the army and forced it to retreat. But all the institutions they trusted were conspiring to deflect their anger, to prevent them from becoming aware of the situation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The poor neighborhoods, deceived and betrayed before being bled dry, now seem demoralized, resigned, without any prospects other than hoping, nonetheless, that Aristide will at least return, without expecting much. No one can predict when, how, or at what pace the impoverished masses will regain their self-confidence. It was their awakening that ended Duvalier's dictatorship and ensured, for a few months, a climate of relative democratic freedom. It is their awakening that could, once again, change the balance of power, and certainly not the &#034;democratization&#034; sponsored by the United States.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(1) Lavalas supporter : a supporter of Aristide. The expression comes from the Creole word &#034;lavalasse,&#034; which refers to the sudden flooding of a river, sweeping away everything in its path. One of Aristide's slogans during his campaign was to call for a &#034;lavalass&#034; of votes in his favor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(2) Saint-Domingue.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(3) Church near the poor neighborhood of Cit&#233; Soleil where Aristide had officiated. Now half-burned by arson, it was the site of several massacres perpetrated by Tonton Macoutes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(4) Grandon : landowner or powerful notable of the countryside.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>1984-1986 : The proletarian revolution began in Haiti</title>
		<link>https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article8483</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article8483</guid>
		<dc:date>2025-11-21T06:02:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Robert Paris</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Ha&#239;ti</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;1984-1986 : The proletarian revolution began in Haiti &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
In 1984, and especially in 1986, the Haitian people set out to rid themselves of the Duvalier dictatorship, which was supported by Western countries. Yes, the working people of Haiti experienced a revolution, attacking the barbaric &#034;Tonton Macoutes&#034; and overthrowing the dictatorship of &#034;Baby Doc&#034; Duvalier, backed by the USA. The regime was permanently shaken. Only recently have the major powers occupying Haiti allowed the Haitian army (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?rubrique88" rel="directory"&gt;20- ENGLISH - MATERIAL AND REVOLUTION&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot119" rel="tag"&gt;Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;1984-1986 : The proletarian revolution began in Haiti&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 1984, and especially in 1986, the Haitian people set out to rid themselves of the Duvalier dictatorship, which was supported by Western countries. Yes, the working people of Haiti experienced a revolution, attacking the barbaric &#034;Tonton Macoutes&#034; and overthrowing the dictatorship of &#034;Baby Doc&#034; Duvalier, backed by the USA. The regime was permanently shaken. Only recently have the major powers occupying Haiti allowed the Haitian army to return to its headquarters, which had been completely deserted after the revolution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the aftermath of February 7, 1986, the fall of Duvalier, groups of unemployed youth and workers armed with sticks, machetes, knives, stones, and jerrycans roamed the streets in the working-class neighborhoods of cities and some rural areas, chanting and targeting the Tonton Macoutes, their homes, shops, vehicles, and the offices of the VSN, the dictatorship's party. However, the barracks and military posts were not attacked, and weapons seized from the Tonton Macoutes and other torturers of the regime were returned to the barracks ! Meanwhile, leaders of the Duvalier dictatorship were exonerated through a very slight period of opposition, such as de Ronceray and Bazin, and notorious torturers like Ti Boul&#233; went unpunished. The Tonton Macoute militias were attacked by the people, but neither the army nor the government did anything to systematically disarm the armed gangs of the powerful. Many neighborhood activists and members of peasant or religious associations turned to this kind of political opposition, comprised of the talkative but largely inactive, and even less socially radical, democratic petty bourgeoisie : the KONAKOM and other &#034;democratic movements.&#034; Or the Democratic Liaison Committees or PANPRA. The grassroots church committee movement, or Ti-L&#233;gliz, and the &#034;Alpha missions&#034; (meaning literacy and awareness-raising) provided a broad framework for poor youth and were more concerned with the plight of the most destitute than the democratic petty bourgeoisie, but they had no program that politically expressed the interests of the masses in the face of the military leaders and ruling classes. The CATH union also emerged at the forefront of the &#034;democratic sector,&#034; even though, in fact, it offered no clear prospects for the exploited. And CATH, like the rest of the political opposition, quickly became entangled in political maneuvering. As for the Stalinist party, Theodore's PUCH, its reputation for radicalism was undeserved. Theodore systematically aligned himself with the most fashionable generals or colonels of the moment. After &#034;acknowledging&#034; General Namphy, defending Jean-Claude Paul, celebrating with Avril, applauding Abraham, and congratulating C&#233;dras, Theodore ended his career by applying for the role of representative in power of the oppressors of the Haitian people, as prime minister of the military dictatorship ! He, who had earned his stripes among the activists of the uprising, accepted the position of prime minister of the dictatorship before it withdrew its offer. When the PUCH called for a &#034;yes&#034; vote in the referendum of March 29, 1987, many people definitively distanced themselves from it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The failure of this Haitian revolution stemmed from the fact that the parties and social, labor, religious, and political organizations that led it, far from desiring a seizure of power by the oppressed, aimed only to bring the people back into line. They never warned the people against Duvalier's barely reformed army. They never called on the people to unite with the rank and file, nor on the latter to disobey their superiors. They never sought to disarm the militias of the powerful. They never hoped that this revolution would challenge the ruling classes and their system of exploitation. On the contrary, all their efforts were focused on reconciling the people with the army, the people with the ruling classes. The union leaders, religious figures, social democrats, and Stalinists collaborated, ultimately bringing the demagogue Aristide to power. He completely discredited himself by becoming a puppet of the US in 1994. Whether or not Aristide was in power, social calm never returned. This is why American and then international troops intervened, fearing a resurgence of the Haitian revolution !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The years of insurrection&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1984&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1984 : More than 200 peasants were massacred in Jean-Rabel after a demonstration for access to land. The Haitian Bishops' Conference launched a short-lived educational program throughout the country.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 1984, for the first time since the beginning of the Duvalier dictatorship, riots broke out, and slum dwellers looted food warehouses. Anti-government riots occurred in all the country's major cities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The first riots began in May 1984 in the city of Gona&#239;ves. Despite the usual repression, the clashes and demonstrations continued. Schoolchildren and high school students protested, chanting : &#034;Down with poverty, down with unemployment !&#034;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
In Raboteau, Gona&#239;ves, on May 14th, the first signs appeared, clearly expressing what everyone was thinking : &#034;Down with poverty !&#034; Ministers sent to the scene were insulted. The demonstrations followed the slogans and spread to La Fossette in Cap-Ha&#239;tien, then to Hinche. The people's revolt had begun, and it was far from over&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In May 1984, the La Fossette shantytown in Cape Town rioted.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1985&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The young people, gathered at the J&#233;r&#233;mie council in April 1985, expressed the suffering of an entire people, a suffering that erupted in their voices. Some, from the bourgeoisie and the lower middle class, joined the people, whether out of conviction or calculation. Hubert de Ronceray, a Duvalierist, thus became an opponent. The CATH trade union federation denounced the social and political situation. The government attempted to bolster its credibility with a referendum in July 1985. However, this forced it to allow some freedom of speech, and the result backfired. The Radio Soleil program &#034;Garanti la lwa&#034; (Guaranteed the Law) humorously denounced the lack of democracy. The radio station's director was expelled, along with three other foreign priests. The PNDPH (National Party for the Defense of Human Rights) attempted to prepare an armed uprising. Its leader, Dr. Lionel Lain&#233;, was arrested and assassinated.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It was in Gona&#239;ves, the symbolic capital of Haitian independence during the era of Dessalines' first Black republic in 1804, that the popular revolt took on a massive and public dimension. Already, in May 1984, demonstrations against the dictatorship in Gona&#239;ves had turned explosive. On October 28, 1985, Pollux Saint-Jean, a native of Gona&#239;ves, was arrested without trial. The people demonstrated, chanting &#034;Let's demand Pollux,&#034; which quickly transformed into protests with placards : &#034;DOWN WITH JAN KLOD,&#034; &#034;DOWN WITH THE CONSTITUSTYON,&#034; &#034;DOWN WITH THE DIKTATI, LONG LIVE THE SOUL.&#034; This last slogan, favorable to the soldiers, is characteristic of the demonstrations in Gona&#239;ves because it seems that in this locality, the soldiers were reluctant to implement the regime's anti-popular measures. This is not how the army was perceived in many other regions, particularly in rural areas. On November 27, 1985, the slogan &#034;Down with Jean-Claude !&#034; was broadcast on Radio Lumi&#232;re. Minister Alix Cin&#233;a, dispatched to the scene, faced the people of the Gona&#239;ves slums, who were not to be trifled with. Government empty promises would no longer appease the people. Clashes resumed. Leaflets circulated, clearly marked &#034;Jean Clod assassin, aleousan !&#034; Demonstrators entered schools and drew large numbers of young people into the streets.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On November 28, 1985, the army and militia opened fire and killed in Gona&#239;ves : three unarmed schoolchildren were gunned down in broad daylight. From then on, the names of Jean-Robert Cius (19 years old), Michel Mackenson (12 years old), and Daniel Isra&#235;l would haunt the uprising until the departure of the bloodthirsty &#034;Baby Doc.&#034; In the streets of Gona&#239;ves, young people demanded justice and were joined by those from Marchand-Dessalines, a small town in the Arbonite region. The entire youth of the country mobilized and urged their elders to join the movement. The radicalization was far from over. Religious communities were overwhelmed by the uprising and supported it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fearing public outrage over a burial, the authorities refused to accept the bodies and organized a clandestine interment. This was not just another murder for a dictatorship that had already committed many others. It was the final murder before the people rose up. The deaths of the three schoolchildren broke down all barriers. Religious communities, the petty bourgeoisie, workers, and the slum dwellers now united in a clear will : Duvalier is finished, he must be ousted ! There could be no greater clarification of what had allowed his dictatorial power to persist for so long : the interests of a ruling class. The Church expressed the people's anger and did not hesitate to declare that these three deaths should signal change in Haiti. However, these religious leaders refused to address the root of the problem, while the people spoke of uprooting the dictatorship, of dismantling it. These leaders were reformists. In the Gona&#239;ves cathedral, where all those denouncing the crime gathered, their text circulated, asserting : &#8220;If the entire people speak out, they will achieve democracy.&#8221; Not a word about the need to disarm the military hierarchy and all the militias. At most, it was clear to most that the USA had supported Duvalier despite all his crimes. The role of the Tonton Macoutes was emphasized, but not the equally criminal role of the army. On December 25, 1985, Radio Soleil was shut down, but from then on, the people managed on their own to disseminate their information and demands using handwritten leaflets, rallies, and meetings.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The leaflets in Creole that circulated left no doubt about the revolutionary nature of the mass uprising. Five slogans attest to this :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Babouket la tonbe : Remove the bridle (the gag of dictatorship)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kouve you z&#232; istorik : The events that are brewing will be historic&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rache manyok, bay t&#232; a blanchi : Uproot the cassava to leave the land free (uproot the dictatorship to be reborn)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Vole gag&#232; : To take to one's heels (the dictator and his henchmen have no choice but to flee)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Teke mab la jous sa kaba : Strike relentlessly and to the very end&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And finally :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dechouke Janklod !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In Gona&#239;ves, the protesters confronted the army. They were partially armed with machetes and knives and very determined. The army was forced to retreat. The protesters disarmed police officers and soldiers and seized rifles. They set an example for ordinary people throughout the country.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Throughout the country, the announcement of the assassination of Mackenson Michel, Daniel Isra&#235;l, and Jean Robert Cius &#8212;the three students shot dead in Gona&#239;ves during a demonstration demanding the departure of B&#233;b&#233; Doc&#8212;sparked mobilizations among high school students who refused to be intimidated by the repressive forces. These mobilizations were followed by mass demonstrations. Thousands of outraged young people and residents now openly campaigned for Duvalier's departure, a movement that had not existed before.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the city of Les Cayes, the second demonstration for the three young people against the dictatorship turned into a full-blown riot with barricades. The city was ablaze. Aristide was still just one of the popular priests of Les Cayes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The protest demonstrations and especially the school strike gradually spread throughout the country in November-December 1985 : from Gona&#239;ves, they spread to J&#233;r&#233;mie, Les Cayes, Petit Go&#226;ve, Bainet, Bellad&#232;re, Hinche, Cap-Ha&#239;tien and did not reach Port-au-Prince until January 1986, when the uprising became general throughout the country.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As for the young people, they declared, &#034;As long as we don't get what we want, we won't go back to school.&#034; On the morning of November 29th, all the schools in Gona&#239;ves were already in the streets, chanting, &#034;Long live the youth ! Down with the Constitution !&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On December 2nd, students from the Cap-Ha&#239;tien high school sent an open letter to the authorities who were forbidding them from going to pray in the cathedral for the three victims of the repression : &#034;No law forces a high school student to become a Tonton Macoute.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On December 5, 1985, the youth of Gona&#239;ves launched a song : &#034;Finally, let us be allowed to decide, to say what we want, because it is truly time for things to change in the country. We remain hopeful that this meeting will allow us to open our eyes so that we will fight until our country is freed from all these miseries&#8230;&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On December 5, 1985, Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide, then still known as Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a Salesian priest, distributed his &#034;Letter for All the Families of Gona&#239;ves&#034; to the Verrettes parish in Gona&#239;ves. In it, he wrote, among other things : &#034;Faced with the bitter cup you are drinking in Gona&#239;ves, we of the Verrettes parish, members of the Church, along with all citizens aware of the country's situation, want to tell you how deeply our hearts ache to see Haitians, our fellow human beings, treating us like stray dogs or game birds. (...) We cannot understand at all how someone of our own blood could have given the order to fire on a people, children of this land.&#034; Aristide also launched his &#034;Go Away, Satan,&#034; a poem in Creole calling on the people to expel Duvalier. The theme of the prayer vigils is : &#8220;Jesus was a man whose situation was dire, but who understood that it was because the situation of some was too good that his own situation was dire. He was a man who could see how the land of the peasants around him was being stolen, how the wealthy landowners gathered to extort money from the people, the poor unfortunate Jesus. He was a man who sought the origin of misery, hunger, and discord among his brothers and sisters ; he was a man who saw how some murderers killed for power. Jesus was a comrade who saw the poor become mere pawns for the rich and powerful so much that he decided to give the poor more importance, to be with them, to help them escape this situation. Yes, Jesus&#8230; he was a great revolutionary who came to change the entire structure of society so that every person could live as an equal with all others.&#8221; &#8230;Faced with this example that Jesus gives us, what do we ourselves want to do ? How do we want to organize ourselves so that the Haitian people can rise from this earth, so that they can have life, freedom, and be respected ? (&#8230;) This is what the three young men of Gona&#239;ves understood, and this is why the stateless criminals murdered them. It was because they were defending the dignity of the country that they died. And what do we here want ? Are we going to let their blood flow in vain ? Are we not children of Goman, Toussaint, and Dessalines ? (&#8230;) We will fight. As long as the powerful use force. As long as the powerless do not rise up. Things will change, it's true, when everyone opens their eyes. Things will change, it's true, when exploitation is over. The religious leaders declared to the people : &#034;Legliz se nou, nou se Legliz&#034; and &#034;We are counting on you, you can count on us. &#034; The discourse was radical and socially conscious, but the political program was not. A working document from the Church in Gona&#239;ves dated January 10, 1986, states :&#8220;Democracy is simple to explain&#8230; To achieve this, the people choose different representatives who form the State. The State and the government are there to respect the will and the program of the people&#8230; In order to allow for these free and fair elections, the State must guarantee the necessary freedom to express oneself. For the people to be able to organize themselves,&#8230; they must be able to understand taxes and why the State takes so much money from its own pocket&#8230; The army must protect the people&#8230; The State must allow peasants to have property titles fairly&#8230;&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, the State then appears for what it is : a band of armed men serving a minority of profiteers and ready to massacre the masses.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1986&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On January 15, 1986, the youth of Gona&#239;ves wrote in their leaflet , &#034;Kinbe pa lague joustan nou finn grizonnnen mab. Viv Ayiti ! You ayiti ki pi bel kote moun viv tankou moun.&#034; (Hold on, don't give up until we've finished cracking the marble ! Long live Haiti ! A more beautiful Haiti where men live like men.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In Port-au-Prince, at the beginning of January 1986, school directors, including those of Saint-Louis de Gonzagues, Bird College and Sacr&#233;-Coeur, establishments frequented by the middle and upper classes, decreed a day of mourning and prayer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In January 1986, despite Duvalier's attempts to suppress them, the demonstrations spread throughout the country.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On January 8, 1986, in Gona&#239;ves, law enforcement officers shot and killed Dieulifet Petit, a bakery worker.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The mutiny is beginning to threaten the regime. Is it the work of rebellious soldiers or of officers preparing for the future, sensing the changing tide ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On January 14, 1986, the &#034;MOSOLDA, Mouvman Solda Lame Dayiti&#034; (Movement of Little Soldiers Against the Dictatorship) emerged, declaring : &#034;We can no longer serve our own oppressors. The people's cause is our cause. We are soldiers of the Haitian army attached to the various branches of the country's military. We created this movement to support and stand alongside the youth and all anti-government sectors to drive Duvalier, the Tonton Macoute officers, and their accomplices from the army and from power, in order to restore order and security for the Haitian people, under the rule of law and democratic freedoms. We call upon all other soldiers, asking them to support all actions and operations necessary to overthrow the corrupt dictatorial regime of Jean-Claude Duvalier.&#034; We commend the soldiers who refused to fire on the people, and protest against the formation of the criminal brigade, a group of Tonton Macoutes, intended to murder the people&#8230;. Headquarters.&#8221; Deputy Rockfeller Guerre wrote to the Haitian armed forces on January 20, 1986 : &#8220;Reading the demands on some of the placards, &#8216;Down with the constitution, long live the army,' it is clear that the people have nothing against you. They love you because you are there to guarantee their security.&#8221; He knows that you are not responsible for his misery since you don't drive luxury Mercedes, you don't own castles in Haiti or abroad, you don't have millions in foreign banks, and so many of you can't afford school for your children, pay an average rent for a decent house... While renewing to you, Gentlemen of the Armed Forces, my profound admiration, my respect, and my determination to fight alongside you for the salvation of the Nation... Engineer Rockfeller Guerre, Deputy&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The operation to whitewash the army begins, paving the way for its successor to the dictator, who already appears finished. Leaflets and demonstrations clearly show that the dictatorship is over, as illustrated by this leaflet from January 13th : &#034;Down with Jean-Claude, down with any landing of foreign troops, long live a free Haiti, long live the popular strike&#8230; strike, strike, strike, strike&#8230;&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On January 25, 1986, the &#034;Declaration number one&#034; of the Provisional Committee for the Organization of the Struggle of the Haitian People stated : &#034;In order to prepare a national strike with a view to overthrowing this dictatorial regime by inheritance, in order to succeed in rebuilding a land of Haiti where exploitation will cease, where the people can have the right to health, education for their children, security, freedom in all that a valiant people needs to live, WE MUST ORGANIZE.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To this end, each city, each town, each rural section, each neighborhood will form a people's struggle committee. These committees will be responsible for disseminating information and coordinating actions throughout the country. All people's committees must remain secret and operate covertly so that spies cannot discover them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On January 28, 1986, three more people were shot dead in Cap-Ha&#239;tien. Three others died during the hiring of braceros in L&#233;og&#226;ne. Protests against the hiring turned violent in L&#233;og&#226;ne and La Croix-des-Bouquets. On the 27th, the civil court and the prosecutor's office in Gona&#239;ves were set on fire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In Cap Ha&#239;tien, 40,000 demonstrators gathered on January 29, 1986 to demand the departure of Duvalier.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Throughout the provinces, young people stood up to the militiamen and soldiers who were shooting and killing. In Port-au-Prince, the Tonton Macoutes were concentrated and regrouped. A state of siege was declared on the evening of January 30, 1986.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On January 31, 1986, the people learned that the US was negotiating Duvalier's departure, but this was still a premature announcement. Demonstrations erupted in Port-au-Prince. A state of siege was declared : a pall of terror descended upon the country, resulting in hundreds of deaths. Clashes broke out with the Tonton Macoutes, and the purge of the Tonton Macoutes began. At times, the army attacked the Tonton Macoutes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Port-au-Prince, silent until then, entered the scene on the Friday before the dictator's fall. It was a veritable demonstration of people from the working-class neighborhoods. The people of Saline were instantly on the streets of Lalue for the first uprising. It was a total crackdown by the security forces. But only the Tonton Macoutes and other zealous supporters of the regime were hunted down and killed. The army, with the support of the new government, was seen as having sided with the people.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On February 7, 1986, after weeks of anti-government protests, &#034;President for Life&#034; Jean-Claude Duvalier, known as Baby Doc, was ousted from power and sought refuge in France. The announcement of Duvalier's fall was followed by widespread uprisings throughout the country. The Tonton Macoutes were violently attacked.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On February 7, 1986, Duvalier fell, and the announcement of his downfall, far from calming the situation, sparked a genuine popular uprising. Mass demonstrations throughout the country led to the overthrow of known Tonton Macoutes. Everywhere, spontaneous organizations sprang up to discuss the country's future.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On the night of February 6-7, the American army took Duvalier into exile in France with a fortune representing approximately double the country's debt, or 800 million dollars.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a video recording released after his departure, Duvalier Jr. declared : &#034;I have decided to hand over the destiny of the nation, the power, to the armed forces of Haiti, hoping that this decision will allow for a peaceful and rapid resolution to the current crisis.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lieutenant General Henri Namphy, Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, was the first to respond : &#034;The Armed Forces of Haiti, fully aware of their mission to defend the integrity of the national territory, responsible for maintaining order and public safety, as well as peace, had to seize the reins of power in order to safeguard and preserve the national heritage, so seriously threatened.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only question was : by whom did the army consider the &#034;national heritage&#034; to be threatened ? By Duvalier and his cronies ? Or by the mobilized working people ? The answer would come very quickly&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It was the workers who were threatening the bosses who were worrying the army.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On April 26, 1986, the army was about to demonstrate what it perceived as a threat. A large memorial march was proceeding toward Fort Dimanche, the barracks where many of the 30,000 Haitians victimized by Duvalier were arrested and tortured. Suddenly, the army opened fire on the peaceful demonstration : six dead. The new power that emerged after Duvalier's fall wasted no time in showing its true colors ! This was just the beginning of a long series of army crimes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But this is not enough to bring a working people, who have only just begun to realize their strength, back into line. The fall of Duvalier also means that the workers are organizing, struggling, and fighting against their bosses. The iron grip of the dictatorship is no longer holding sway.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;After Duvalier's fall, returning exiles formed CATH-CLAT, which claims to be the Christian Democratic origin of the union that had been founded in 1980, taking advantage of Duvalier's liberal rhetoric at the time, but which was swept away by repression in November 1980. The CATH Manifesto declares : &#8220;Unions are a good thing. When a worker can freely join a union, he feels responsible for his future, responsible for the future of the country. At the same time, he knows how far he can take his struggle&#8230; Currently, many conscientious employers recognize the value of unions in Haiti. We, CATH, wish to lend them a hand so that unionism becomes a reality in Haiti.&#8221; The union is not only there to make demands, it is also there to help the worker educate themselves, to learn, to accept the opinion of the group even if they do not agree with it ; this is how they learn to take responsibility and exercise their rights in relation to society.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a leaflet distributed in Port-au-Prince on January 31, 1986, the CATH published its &#034;Declaration on the events taking place in Haiti&#034; :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;At this time of political crisis gripping the country, we at CATH, on behalf of every worker, cannot remain silent in order to help the country find a democratic solution, that is, one with the participation of all the country's citizens.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Translate, we lead the working class by committing ourselves to ensuring that other classes, including the upper bourgeoisie, will not have their access to power challenged.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;We want to make it clear to everyone : CATH is not a political party, CATH does not seek power. And CATH does not want to be linked to any political party in order to maintain the freedom to defend the interests of workers against the State and employers.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But the CATH, which pledges not to be affiliated with political parties, does not pledge not to be affiliated with military or business leaders.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
As for the CATH's social program, it does not exist. This union only demands the right to free elections &#034;so that the people can choose the person they want to lead the country.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The CATH would subsequently behave like bourgeois politicians and negotiate alliances with the bourgeoisie and military dictators.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;No social or political force, neither the Ti Egliz, nor the Stalinist party PUCH, nor the CATH, will help the workers to address the little soldiers who are beginning to revolt to put an end to exploitation and oppression.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The 1986 revolution will fail&#8230; close to the finish line !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The hijackers of the struggle are indeed at work. The slogan they're using speaks volumes about their intentions, which are by no means to disarm the armed forces that supported Duvalier until the very end and should be overthrown just as much as the Tonton Macoutes. They're using the slogan &#034;Diktat&#233; &#224; al&#233; aba makout viv lam&#233;&#034; : the dictator is gone, down with the Tonton Macoutes, long live the army&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is not the only deceptive tactic employed by these political professionals. They have also decided to present false objectives to the rebellious population. First, to make them believe that the army is on the side of the people ; second, to establish a military government before a power vacuum arises ; and finally, to create the illusion of democratization by initiating discussions on the constitution and elections.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Once legalized, political parties were created by the dozens, as well as newspapers and radio stations, but it was a National Council of Government (CNG), composed of six Duvalierists, that was tasked with ensuring the transition.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;General Namphy, former Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, became president of a National Governing Council (NGC) composed of four military officers and two civilians. The National Governing Council that would rule the country would never be elected. The army now held power in place of the ruling classes.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The implementation of the deception&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Denis Hautin-Guiraut, &#8220;Haiti without &#8216;Baby Doc' : Explosion of joy and settling of scores&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8220;&#8230;Never in three decades has the population experienced such exaltation. It's a veritable explosion of enthusiasm during the first hours of the day, following the initial skepticism&#8230; As things stand, the military-civilian junta has remarkably controlled the situation. Its youth&#8212;its members are between forty-six and fifty-three years old&#8212;and the oft-repeated assertion that the army does not wish to seize power but only to ensure a return to calm and greater stability in the country, have facilitated its task. But we must already think about the future. Even if the deadline is not officially set, it will have to come within a relatively short timeframe to maintain the full effectiveness of the current &#8216;transitional government.'&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le Monde (France), February 9 and 10, 1986, p. 4.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Paul Mari, &#034;The Miracle Survivors of Port-au-Prince&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8220;...A Duvalier government without Duvalier ? No, it's about avoiding splitting the country in two and dismissing any idea of &#8203;&#8203;revenge,&#8221; explains Rosny Desroches, a Protestant preacher and Minister of Education. Indeed, General Namphy keeps repeating that &#8220;the Council, driven by the purest selflessness, intends to be a provisional government.&#8221; In other words, the army has no intention of holding onto power. The Duvalier regime has collapsed from within : American pressure and popular uprisings only accelerated a slow decay. With the fledgling democracy in its arms, the army rushed to have it baptized in the church. A few hours after his investiture, General Namphy received the bishops. Their first objective : to secure the Church's powerful intervention to restore calm to the country. (...) &#8220;The discontent will grow if we don't hold elections very soon,&#8221; grimaces a high-ranking government official. For the moment, there's post-Duvalier euphoria. But the race for power is going to be fierce.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le Nouvel Observateur (France), February 14-20, 1986, p. 37.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;CH, &#034;Waiting for democracy&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8220;...The first task of the new government, which has just received &#8216;encouragement' from the United States, will be to reconcile Haitians. And, first and foremost, to contain the settling of scores and personal vendettas, inevitable in a country scarred by the memory of terror&#8230; &#8216;Duvalier is gone, misery is gone,' the crowd shouted. The following days brought a somewhat disillusionment. The return of a million exiles, for example ? &#8216;It will take place within the framework of the law. And not in the interest of certain petty politicians,' explains General Namphy. New elections (the Chamber has been dissolved) ? &#8216;No electoral calendar is planned for the moment,' he adds, looking tense. Clearly, the junta seems to be struggling to answer pressing questions in a situation of great instability and pathetic misery. This question remains : should they request the extradition of Jean-Claude Duvalier to try him in Haiti ?&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'Express (France), February 21, 1986, p. 10.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The army in power deceives the people, then massacres them&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Let's return to the course of events in February 1986. On February 9, 1986, five thousand demonstrators demanded the formation of a civilian government.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In March 1986, Sylvain Diderot slapped a driver and was attacked by a poor crowd of people who turned on the soldiers. The army responded with a brutal crackdown, resulting in numerous deaths. Barricades were erected by the people in the streets. The new regime was no better than the old one.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On April 26, 1986, the Fort Dimanche shooting showed once again that the military power is the enemy of the common people of Haiti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On November 7, 1986, 200,000 demonstrators took to the streets in support of Charlot Jacquelin.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On November 17, 1986, a general strike broke out demanding the dissolution of the National General Council (CNG). The Stalinist party, the PUCH, emerged as a radical force. Along with the Ti-L&#233;gliz (Little Churches), they were among the most radical activists. At that time, working-class people believed they had organizations that would truly strive to de-Macoute the regime... But it was an illusion.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1987&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Taking advantage of the failure of a general strike called by the CATH union on June 30, 1987, to dissolve the CNG (National Management Center), the government banned the union and arrested its leaders. Faced with popular backlash, the CNG was forced to back down and release the union officials. The popular movement felt strong, but it followed misguided leaders, demagogues with no intention whatsoever of disarming the oppressors of the Haitian people. While the people admired Aristide, death squads were being established at the instigation of R&#233;gala and Jean-Claude Paul.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The rise in popularity was marked by the July 10th demonstration in the streets of Port-au-Prince, with the red flags of the PUCH and Theodore at the forefront. But the PUCH's radicalism would not last.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From July 23 to 28, 1987, 250 farmers from Jean Rabel were murdered by the private militia of Poitevin and Lucas, demonstrating that the CNG (National Gendarmerie Committee) supported the perpetrators of the massacres. These murders were bound to encourage others. In the countryside, the demoralized Tonton Macoutes regained their confidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From September 1987 to September 1988, there was a proliferation of massacres organized by armed groups.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On November 29, 1987, the elections were cancelled. All the candidates in the November 29, 1987 elections, including Gourgue and Theodore, were perfectly aware that the army chiefs were preparing a coup d'&#233;tat&#8212;the CNG had barely concealed its intentions&#8212;but they were careful not to warn the population. They feared more that the population would arm itself and overthrow the government than the risk of being threatened by a military coup.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The responsibility of &#034;democratic&#034; organizations&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the aftermath of February 7th, the fall of Duvalier, groups of unemployed youth and workers, armed with sticks, machetes, knives, stones, and jerrycans of gasoline, roamed the streets in the working-class neighborhoods of cities and some rural areas, chanting and targeting the Tonton Macoutes, their homes, shops, vehicles, and the offices of the VSN, the dictatorship's party. However, the barracks and military posts were not attacked, and weapons seized from the Tonton Macoutes and other torturers of the regime were returned to the barracks ! Meanwhile, leaders of the Duvalier dictatorship were exonerated through a very slight period of opposition, such as de Ronceray and Bazin, and notorious torturers like Ti Boul&#233; went unpunished. The Tonton Macoute militias were attacked by the people, but neither the army nor the government did anything to systematically disarm the armed gangs of the powerful. Many neighborhood activists and members of peasant or religious associations turned to this kind of political opposition, comprised of the talkative but largely inactive, and even less socially radical, democratic petty bourgeoisie : the KONAKOM and other &#034;democratic movements.&#034; Or the Democratic Liaison Committees or PANPRA. The grassroots church committee movement, or Ti-L&#233;gliz, and the &#034;Alpha missions&#034; (meaning literacy and awareness-raising) provided a broad framework for poor youth and were more concerned with the plight of the most destitute than the democratic petty bourgeoisie, but they had no program that politically expressed the interests of the masses in the face of the military leaders and ruling classes. The CATH union also emerged at the forefront of the &#034;democratic sector,&#034; even though, in fact, it offered no clear prospects for the exploited. And CATH, like the rest of the political opposition, quickly became entangled in political maneuvering. As for the Stalinist party, Theodore's PUCH, its reputation for radicalism was undeserved. Theodore systematically aligned himself with the most fashionable generals or colonels of the moment. After &#034;acknowledging&#034; General Namphy, defending Jean-Claude Paul, celebrating with Avril, applauding Abraham, and congratulating C&#233;dras, Theodore ended his career by applying for the role of representative in power of the oppressors of the Haitian people, as prime minister of the military dictatorship ! He, who had earned his stripes among the activists of the uprising, accepted the position of prime minister of the dictatorship before it withdrew its offer. When the PUCH called for a &#034;yes&#034; vote in the referendum of March 29, 1987, many people definitively distanced themselves from it.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1988&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On January 17, 1988, elections were held under the auspices of the army. Voter turnout was low. Leslie Manigat became president.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On June 18, 1988, Namphy regained power and, on June 22, appointed a military government.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On September 10, 1988, a massacre took place during a mass in Port-au-Prince. Using revolvers, pikes, and machetes, General Namphy's henchmen killed 13 people and injured 70.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;September 1988 :&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The soldiers' rebellion begins, with the soldiers deposing their commanders and senior officers. There will be no policy from grassroots organizations to ensure that the popular movement unites with the rank and file to disarm the generals, the large landowners, and the ruling classes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On September 18, General Prosper Avril, head of the presidential guard and former confidant of B&#233;b&#233;Doc, overthrew Namphy. Throughout the following year, General Avril survived several coup attempts and was unable to restore social peace.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1989&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On March 31, 1989, a military coup failed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From August to November 1989, repression by the army or the &#034;zenglendos&#034;, soldiers adopting the methods of the Tonton Macoutes, increased : kidnappings, assassinations, torture...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;November 7 and 8, 1989, November 22, 1989 and November 29, 1989 : a series of general strikes against repression&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1990&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On March 12, 1990, abandoned by all his supporters, General Avril relinquished power and left Haiti. A few hours later, Theodore (PUCH), Father Adrien, and Victor Benoit (KONAKOM) appeared on the balcony of the army headquarters, hand in hand with General Abraham, and led the applause for the army...!!!! To the very end, nothing was done by the organizations that claimed to represent the working class to establish a workers' policy independent of the military.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;During 1990, former &#034;Tonton Macoutes&#034; terrorized the streets of the capital. Neo-Duvalierists created the Union for National Reconciliation, led by Roger Lafontant. A wave of popular protest prevented this party from participating in the elections.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On December 16, 1990, Father Jean Bertrand Aristide, a supporter of &#034;liberation theology,&#034; won the presidential election by a landslide and became president on February 7, 1991. He was overthrown on September 30, 1991, by a coup d'&#233;tat led by General Raoul C&#233;dras, commander-in-chief of the army.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1991&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;January 1991 - The Gervais Massacres :&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
In Gervais, Artibonite, 12 farmers were killed and 8 went missing (in addition to 20 wounded and 494 houses burned). The causes, those responsible, and the perpetrators of the massacre remain a subject of debate. According to a diocesan commission in Artibonite (Danroc and Roussi&#232;re), which investigated and documented the atrocities with photographs, a military commando supported by henchmen of a landowner carried out the massacre. According to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (ICHR, 1991), the massacre was part of a land dispute in the Terre-Cass&#233;e area, near Gervais, Guyton, and Coligny, where several farming families, including small landowners, had been at odds since 1973. A few days before January 17, following the destruction of a warehouse belonging to one of the parties involved in what was then only a land dispute, the justice of the peace ordered the arrest of 27 farmers from Gervais. On January 17, while carrying out the arrests, the section chief and his assistants shot and killed one of the farmers. Shortly afterward, the farmers from Gervais retaliated by killing the section chief's assistants. Following these two assassinations, on the same day, the 17th, peasants from Guyton and Coligny, supported by soldiers from Saint-Marc (a sub-prefecture of Artibonite), went to Gervais and began the massacre. No judicial inquiry was opened.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On January 6, 1991, in the face of Lafontant's coup d'&#233;tat, the masses mobilized, but it was Aristide who calmed them, telling them to respect the constitutional order and wait for the elections. Workers were a significant force in the mobilization, and all those who came under Aristide feared them more than military coups. At the time, there were 60,000 workers in the Port-au-Prince industrial zone (Sonapi and Parc Mews) and 8,000 workers in the former industrial enterprises (Hasco, the Flour Mill, the Steelworks, the Cement Plant of Haiti, etc.). They demonstrated together en masse on July 10.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On July 10, 1991, a workers' demonstration took place in front of parliament demanding a minimum wage of 28 gourdes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In September 1991, following a bloody coup and a violent crackdown, a military junta led by General Raoul C&#233;dras seized power. While Aristide had consistently celebrated &#034;the reconciliation of the people and the army&#034; since his election, C&#233;dras and his clique set about proving the opposite by subjecting the country to a brutal repression. Aristide went into exile in the United States. The US imposed an economic blockade on Haiti, further worsening the situation on the island. Driven by poverty, thousands of Haitians fled or attempted to flee the country.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The leaders of American imperialism were not displeased to see the Haitian military wreak havoc in the working-class neighborhoods of Port-au-Prince. But the military did not simply subdue Haiti's working class. They subjected the already weakened Haitian economy to such plunder, expanding racketeering, corruption, and drug trafficking to such an extent that it became an embarrassment even for the bourgeoisie itself, including for the American bosses who wanted to exploit Haitian workers in peace, earning a dollar and a half a day.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;September 29, 1991 : With the overthrow of Aristide by General C&#233;dras, whom Aristide himself had appointed as his Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and whose coup was supported by the ruling classes, massacres in working-class neighborhoods left 2,000 dead in two days. From September to February 1992 : thousands dead, victims of the repression.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
September 30, 1991 &#8211; first days of October : On the afternoon of September 30, a commando of soldiers went to Lamentin 54, in the suburbs of Port-au-Prince, opened fire indiscriminately on pedestrians and houses in the neighborhood, and threw grenades, also indiscriminately, into several houses in the area, apparently in retaliation for the assassination of a sergeant from the local barracks on the morning of the 30th. The repression continued for two to three weeks, resulting in a total of 30 to 40 victims. According to testimonies gathered by the Truth and Justice Commission, several bodies were allegedly thrown into mass graves dug near the neighborhood on the soldiers' orders ; several young men were also reportedly executed after digging these graves ; other bodies reportedly &#034;disappeared&#034; after being taken away by truck.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
October 1 and 2, 1991 : During the military coup in Martissant, a neighborhood of Port-au-Prince, for the two days following the coup, soldiers and paramilitary attach&#233;s terrorized the local population and killed at least seven people, including a minor. This massacre was allegedly organized after the home of an army lieutenant was set on fire on the night of September 30 to October 1.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
October 2, 1991 : During the military coup, thirty civilians were killed in a single day in Cit&#233;-Soleil, a slum west of Port-au-Prince known for housing many supporters of President Aristide, by army soldiers after an attack on a local police station.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
October 2, 1991 : At least seven people, including a child and a teenager, were killed in Gona&#239;ves by the army during a demonstration in support of President Aristide.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1992&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In February 1992, repression intensified in working-class neighborhoods, and Aristide supporters were hunted down. The 40,000 workers in the Port-au-Prince industrial zone were laid off.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On June 19, 1992, the military did not retain Theodore's candidacy to serve as a puppet of the dictatorship and chose Marc Bazin as prime minister.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1993&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The military and repressive forces are directly forced to assume power without the cover of a civilian government.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1994&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The abuses committed by the armed forces are increasing without restoring calm and will allow the USA to occupy the country...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The City of the Sun set ablaze and bloodied&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Some 70 men, women, and children died in an attack launched by members of the FRAPH (Front for the Repression of Human Rights in Haiti) on a poor neighborhood of Port-au-Prince known as Cit&#233; Soleil in December 1993. Some were burned alive in the fire started by the FRAPH members, while others were shot as they tried to escape the flames. Several people were reported missing, their bodies never recovered. According to some sources, the military and police simply stood by while the firefighters, who are part of the army, did nothing or were unable to do anything to fight the blaze. It appears that the attack was carried out in retaliation for the death of a FRAPH militant killed the previous evening. According to local human rights groups, the residents of the slum were not responsible for his death.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Repeated attacks against the Raboteau shantytown near Gona&#239;ves&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(Artibonite department)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Raboteau, a shantytown in the Artibonite department, has been a frequent target of the military. In November and December 1993, it was raided by members of the police and army who were searching for a local leader, Amio M&#233;tayer. When they couldn't find him, they arrested several young men in his place, including Amio M&#233;tayer's younger brother, Balaguer M&#233;tayer, known as &#034;Chatte&#034; (Pussy). All were beaten, first during their arrest and then again at the headquarters of the notorious Anti-Gang Investigation and Research Service (SIRA), a branch of the police commonly referred to as the Anti-Gang Unit. This service was formerly known as the Criminal Investigation Service and is headquartered near the National Palace. Over the years, it has been the site of numerous deaths resulting from torture or ill-treatment, as well as summary executions. All those arrested in Raboteau have been released, with the exception of &#034;Chatte,&#034; who was detained in the military barracks in Gona&#239;ves. At the time of writing, he was reportedly in very poor health after being subjected to torture. Amnesty International has been informed by reliable sources that he has been denied visits from a doctor, a lawyer, or his family.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The town of Raboteau was once again raided by soldiers in April 1994, still searching for Amio M&#233;tayer. Finding him no more elusive than the first time, they reportedly burned his home, ransacked other houses, beat villagers trying to flee, and arrested several people, including Amio M&#233;tayer's father and sister. All those arrested were released the following day. However, on the morning of April 22, soldiers accompanied by members of the FRAPH surrounded Raboteau and fired shots into the air. As panicked residents tried to flee to the beach, the attackers allegedly pursued them, shooting them in the back and legs. Other soldiers and armed men positioned near the sea also reportedly fired on fleeing villagers and targeted people sleeping in their boats.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;According to some sources, the attack left at least 50 people dead. Establishing the exact number of victims has been difficult because the military reportedly burned the bodies or threw them into the sea, and many residents fled the area. The military claimed that those killed died during an armed clash between the army and &#034;terrorists&#034; loyal to the exiled president.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;Disappearances&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The use of kidnapping to make people &#034;disappear&#034; seems to be increasingly common in Haiti. It is also true that many people choose to disappear themselves by going into hiding. Therefore, it is not always possible to know if someone from whom there is no news has truly &#034;disappeared.&#034; Nevertheless, there are cases where people have indeed &#034;disappeared&#034; after being arrested or kidnapped. Some returned after being subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment during interrogations about grassroots organizations. According to observers mandated by the OAS and the UN, 91 &#034;disappearances&#034; were reported to them between January 31 and May 31, 1994, 62 of which could be considered political. Twenty-eight of the presumed kidnapping victims were released. There is still no news of the others, and their families know nothing of their fate.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One of the most recent cases of &#034;disappearance&#034; is that of 24-year-old Jeanne Toussaint, who has been missing since June 19. It appears she was arrested by eight men who came to her home in Port-au-Prince and took her away in a black car. Some of them were wearing military uniforms, while others, apparently &#034;attach&#233;s,&#034; were dressed in civilian clothes. The young woman's husband, Levius Toussaint, was granted political asylum by the United States in 1993 after being arbitrarily arrested and beaten for his work as a news anchor and journalist under President Aristide's government. He is one of the few whose asylum application to the United States was successful after being filed in Haiti. Levius Toussaint continues to be a vocal critic of the current military government in Haiti, and he fears that his wife's abduction is an act of retaliation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the days immediately following the expulsion of the International Civilian Mission, Amnesty International received further reports of &#034;disappearances,&#034; including those of Mo&#239;se Paul and &#201;mile Georges. The two men &#034;disappeared&#034; from Cit&#233; Soleil on July 16 and 18, respectively. Local human rights groups believe they may have been abducted because of their activism within grassroots groups supporting the ousted president.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Torture&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Torture remains a widespread practice in Haiti, and beatings during arrests are commonplace. Victims are often targeted because of their political opinions or activities, particularly those who support the return of President Aristide.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Consider the case of union leader Cajuste Lexius, arrested and brutally beaten by police on April 23, 1993, along with Phabonor St. Vil and Saveur Aur&#233;lus (or Orilus, depending on the source). All three were members of the General Confederation of Labour (CGT), one of Haiti's largest independent unions. They were arrested while visiting Haitian radio stations to broadcast a press release calling for a general strike in support of the president's return. On April 26, they were taken to the Anti-Gang headquarters, where they were reportedly mistreated again. Cajuste Lexius, who remained unconscious for two days after being beaten, was transferred to the military hospital. He received treatment for kidney failure and numerous open wounds on his buttocks. He was unable to walk or feed himself due to the torture he had endured, including the infamous djak (the victim's arms and legs are bent and tied together ; they are then suspended from a stick passed through the crooks of their knees and elbows, and beaten). He was released upon his discharge from the hospital on 21 May 1993. Phabonor St Vil and Saveur Aur&#233;lus also required medical attention upon their release on 29 April 1993. Amnesty International assisted them in obtaining treatment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arbitrary or illegal arrests&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arbitrary arrests are reported almost daily in Haiti. Most are carried out without warrants or outside the hours stipulated by the Constitution in cases other than flagrant offenses. It often happens that those arrested are detained beyond the 48-hour period provided for by the Constitution, without being brought before a judicial authority. Last year, simply expressing the slightest support for President Aristide was enough to get arrested.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;at home or in the street, and beaten. Jean Dominique and Jean-Marie Exil were thus arrested in Port-au-Prince in July 1993, then beaten and detained for several days simply because they were putting up posters in honor of President Aristide's fortieth birthday.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Threats, harassment and intimidation&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Threats, harassment, and intimidation are the daily lot of those who try to speak freely or collaborate with any organization the government considers a real or potential threat to its authority. The case of Jean (not his real name) is telling. This man is a member of the National Front for Change and Democracy (FNCD), which supported Jean-Bertrand Aristide's candidacy in the 1990 elections. He also worked closely with those trying to denounce human rights abuses in Haiti. Soldiers first came to his home the day after the September 1991 coup. He wasn't there, and his family was threatened with reprisals if they didn't reveal his whereabouts. He went into hiding in Port-au-Prince, but a week later, a uniformed soldier pointed his machine gun at him, apparently intending to shoot. Jean fled and has been constantly changing hiding places ever since. In August 1993, an &#034;attach&#233;&#034; found him and wounded him in the head. In May 1994, he received threats from someone he believed to be either an &#034;attach&#233;&#034; or a member of FRAPH, who called him a Lavalas supporter. On May 30, he was again threatened by secret agents when they raided the offices of a religious group that collected information on human rights. Jean then decided to seek asylum abroad. He currently lives in hiding for fear of being killed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Journalists attempting to report on abuses committed by the authorities have also been subjected to threats and harassment. In August 1993, John Smith Dominique Prien, an employee of Radio Plus, a private radio station in the capital, escaped through the back wall when more than a dozen soldiers attacked his house. Shots were fired in the yard, while the soldiers banged on the doors with their rifles and threw rocks at the roof. He had previously received threats from the military because of his work at the radio station. He believes the raid on his home was related to recent broadcasts on Radio Plus concerning the increasingly severe repression in Port-au-Prince.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Several journalists who were present when Antoine Izm&#233;ry was forced out of a church at gunpoint before being assassinated in September 1993 complained of being mistreated by &#034;attach&#233;s.&#034; Among them were Daniel Morel of the Associated Press and Hans Bazard of the weekly newspaper Ha&#239;ti en marche. Bazard explained that the &#034;attach&#233;s&#034; who brutalized him also confiscated his camera, bag, and press card before chasing him away and threatening him, saying he would hear from them again. That same day, Wilson Suren, a reporter for Haitian News Service, was detained for approximately three hours.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Shortly after the assassination of Antoine Izm&#233;ry, Radio Cara&#239;bes employees received an anonymous phone call telling them, &#034;After Izm&#233;ry, it will be your turn...&#034; The day before, on September 10, 1993, about twenty armed &#034;attach&#233;s&#034; allegedly stormed the radio station's premises and threatened everyone present. They claimed that Radio Cara&#239;bes had made a mistake by releasing the names of the attach&#233;s who were at City Hall on the day of the attack against Evans Paul, September 8 (see below). The director of Radio Cara&#239;bes, Patrick Moussigac, was subsequently forced to leave the country.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In June 1994, in another attempt to muzzle the press, the authorities announced that foreign journalists would no longer be able to leave Port-au-Prince without special authorization. Any foreign national found in designated strategic zones around police stations and military bases, airports and communications centers, along the coast, or near the border with the Dominican Republic would be expelled. In early August, three American journalists were expelled for filming the Port-au-Prince airport too closely. Their driver and interpreter were detained at the National Penitentiary (see Appendix).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Destruction of property, extortion and corruption&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Corruption and extortion have become commonplace among the security forces and their allies. Corruption also pervades the judicial system, and the collusion between the judiciary and the executive and military branches makes obtaining redress through the courts virtually impossible. Ordinary citizens have no recourse other than filing complaints with local or international human rights organizations, and their only protection is to go into hiding or be extorted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is why the testimonies received by Amnesty International concerning other serious human rights violations always contain accusations that the victim's property was seized or destroyed by her assailants, or that she was forced to pay a sum of money in exchange for her release after being arbitrarily arrested.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thus, in April 1994, after a wedding ceremony in a church in Carrefour, a poor neighborhood of Port-au-Prince, the pastor asked Paul (not his real name) to go buy food and drinks. Upon his return, Paul was attacked and threatened with death by two men, one of whom was armed. The pastor, who was lying on the floor tied up, was accused of holding Lavalas meetings and was also beaten and threatened. His wife was raped in another room. The assailants left with two VCRs, money, and the pastor's wallet and glasses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Violations committed against women and children&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;No one is safe in Haiti right now. Even the most vulnerable, including pregnant women and young children, are victims of atrocities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Consider, for example, the case of four-year-old Jocelyne Jeanty. She was injured on her arms and hand when soldiers and attach&#233;s brutally beat her with rifle butts during a raid on Raboteau in December 1993. Fourteen children&#8212;aged four to fifteen&#8212;were victims of violence. Two people died : Evalli&#232;re Bornelus, who apparently drowned while trying to escape, and Louisiana Jean, an elderly woman who died from a concussion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Alerte Belance, 32, a market vendor and the wife of a known supporter of President Aristide, was also brutally attacked. She and her husband had been regularly threatened by the army because of their political opinions. On the night of October 16-17, 1993, members of FRAPH abducted her when they were unable to locate her husband. They took her to a deserted area on the outskirts of Port-au-Prince known as Titanyen, often used as a dumping ground for corpses. There, her captors repeatedly struck her nose, mouth, ears, and arms with machetes, then left her for dead. She miraculously survived, but her right forearm was amputated, and she is deaf from her right ear, which was severed. Doctors were able to partially reconstruct her tongue, which had been lacerated by her attackers. Hospital staff hid her when members of FRAPH came to the hospital where she was being treated to &#034;finish her off,&#034; in her words. She has since fled abroad with her husband, a welder, and their three children.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Female political activists and those close to supporters of President Aristide are also victims of rape and sexual abuse. Those responsible, including soldiers and police officers, as well as attach&#233;s and zenglendos (militia officials), act with complete impunity. Although women are hesitant to report such crimes, available figures show a surge in rape and sexual abuse in recent months. As of October 1993, the MICIVIH (Military Intelligence and Prevention Center for Human Rights) had recorded only a limited number of rapes committed by soldiers. Between the end of January and May 1994, however, it documented 66 cases of politically motivated rape committed by military personnel and auxiliaries. Among the victims were ten minors and a woman who was six months pregnant. Similarly, a mission from the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, sent to the country in May 1994, documented 21 cases of rape committed by soldiers, &#034;attach&#233;s,&#034; and members of the FRAPH (Front for the Repression of Human Rights) between January and May 1994. The Haitian Women's Solidarity Association also received numerous complaints of politically motivated rape. During a single raid launched by the army against poor neighborhoods of Port-au-Prince in March 1994, some forty women were reportedly raped, including an eight-year-old girl and a fifty-five-year-old woman. Only one of the victims was raped by fewer than three men. Mathilde's case is representative : this twenty-seven-year-old woman recounted in June 1994 how four men in uniform suddenly entered her home while she was with her three sons (her husband, a supporter of President Aristide, had already been killed) and raped her. Mathilde was pregnant and suffered a miscarriage as a result of the rape.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In September 1994, the United States, with the agreement of the UN, finally sent an expeditionary force to the island. President Aristide was reinstated on October 15, 1994.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aristide was reinstated in 1994 after the landing of 20,000 marines ousted C&#233;dras from power. At the time, Aristide retained some credibility with the poor masses, but he worked tirelessly to extinguish all the hopes they had placed in him, doing absolutely nothing to improve the lot of the working class. On the contrary, while the regime's elite and Aristide himself grew richer, the country, already one of the poorest in the world, sank even deeper into misery and famine. Simultaneously, Aristide increasingly relied on the police and armed gangs under his control, the &#034;Chim&#232;res,&#034; to control the slums, terrorize, and silence the population.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The fact that leaders of the current rebellion, such as Louis-Jodel Chamblain and Guy Philippe, known for their involvement in numerous assassinations and atrocities during C&#233;dras's time, were welcomed as liberators in Port-au-Prince and several other cities, demonstrates the extent to which Aristide's regime had become disconnected from the population. Certainly, many of the crowds who came to cheer them, perhaps the majority, came from the affluent neighborhoods of P&#233;tionville, which had never accepted Aristide. But there were also people from working-class neighborhoods, applauding the former oppressors for having rid them of a regime that had become dictatorial and was widely despised.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1995&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In December 1995, Ren&#233; Pr&#233;val, a member of Aristide's governing coalition, was elected President of the Republic&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
1999&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;May 28, 1999 : The Haitian National Police (PNH) killed 11 people during the night of May 27-28 in a shantytown above the Carrefour-Feuilles neighborhood of Port-au-Prince, following what was initially a routine patrol. According to the forensic examinations conducted by the MICIVIH (Military Investigation and Complaints Unit for Crimes Against Humanity) in the days that followed, these were extrajudicial killings carried out in cold blood. All 11 individuals had their hands tied behind their backs and were lying face down at the time of their deaths. Eight of the eleven victims were unarmed. Although this massacre did not appear to have political roots, it provoked considerable public outrage as it was the first major mass killing since the return of democracy and thus suggested that the violent tactics of the Haitian Police, which had replaced the Armed Forces of Haiti in 1994, against the poor had not ceased.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
2004&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;February 11, 2004 : Event dubbed &#034;sawmill massacre&#034; by Haitian media. Fifty people, members of RAMSICOM (sometimes spelled RAMICOS), a popular organization opposed to President Aristide, were killed in the Scierie neighborhood of Saint-Marc (West Department) by armed and illegal supporters of Jean-Bertrand Aristide, commonly known as chimeras, and led by the Bal&#233; Wouz&#233; organization, whose leader, Amanus Mayette, was then a member of Parliament.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;French and American occupation troops landed in Haiti on March 1, 2004.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;September 29, 2004, new US intervention to remove Aristide from power.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Information and Communication Office of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti reports, &#034;This Tuesday, December 14, 2004, MINUSTAH began, at 4 a.m., a large-scale operation to secure Cit&#233; Soleil, one of the neighborhoods of Port-au-Prince harboring armed gangs&#034; :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;This large-scale operation aims to restore order and law in this part of the Haitian capital.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;It required the involvement of Brazilian, Jordanian, Sri Lankan ground troops and Chilean air force, as well as Formed Police Units (FPU) of the MINUSTAH civilian police from the Jordanian and Chinese contingents.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;The Cit&#233; Soleil neighborhood is currently under the control of MINUSTAH forces. No loss of life or injury has been reported so far. MINUSTAH forces intend to establish and maintain a permanent presence and gradually transfer responsibility for the security of Cit&#233; Soleil to the Haitian National Police.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Why are these large-scale operations always directed against working-class neighborhoods (Bel-Air, Cit&#233; Soleil), when armed gangs and other criminals violate law and order throughout the country, ever since the coup d'&#233;tat overturned the constitutional order and restored the state of lawlessness ? Because MINUSTAH is there to crush the working class...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With the presence of troops and police forces from Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, El Salvador, Spain, Guatemala, Ghana, Jordan, Mali, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Chad, Togo, Turkey, Uruguay, and Zambia, Haiti has become a veritable political and military Tower of Babel. The US and France are pressuring for a more violent military intervention, explains the Brazilian head of the MINUSTAH forces !&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
2008&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2008 : Food riots and repression claim numerous victims&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
2009&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The workers' strike for 200 gourdes is spreading, finding support among young people and students, and threatening to become the political center of the popular revolt.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A MINUSTAH report acknowledges the failure of the operation and recommends placing Haiti under trusteeship with massive military occupation.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
2010&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The earthquake that devastated Haiti brought down government buildings and the MINUSTAH compound in Port-au-Prince. The US military took advantage of the situation to launch its military occupation operation, which was already prepared.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
OLD ARTICLES ON THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
An article from November 1991&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Haiti after the coup &#8211; While diplomacy deals with Aristide, the army deals with poor Haitians&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On September 29 and 30, the army high command seized power in Haiti, for the umpteenth time since the fall of the Duvalier dictatorship.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
But unlike previous coups, this latest one did not simply replace one general with another, one clique of officers with another. The ousted and expelled president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is the first civilian president elected under relatively regular conditions in the nearly two centuries since the existence of the Haitian state. He was elected in December 1990, by a veritable landslide victory, supported by the poorest classes of Haitian society, the impoverished peasantry, and the slum dwellers of the city's slums.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
This young priest, courageous during the final years of the Duvalier dictatorship, from a poor background, who denounced social inequalities, poverty, and the continued presence of Tonton Macoute dignitaries at the helm of power even after Duvalier's departure, had become, in just a few years, the hope of the impoverished Haitian masses who dreamed of change but did not yet imagine they could empower themselves to achieve it. His surprise candidacy in the December 1990 presidential election shook up an electoral campaign that the masses had previously observed with apathy. It sparked genuine electoral mobilization, thwarting manipulation and ballot stuffing in the cities and overcoming the traditional fear of the authorities in the countryside. Aristide was elected in the first round with 67% of the vote, some six times more than his closest rival, Bazin, a candidate who nevertheless had significant money and resources, and who was supported by both the Haitian bourgeoisie and Washington.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Washington and Paris, the two tutelary powers, with their constant stream of observers on the ground, immediately grasped the significance of the event, and despite their previously expressed reservations about Aristide, they were among the first to recognize the legitimacy of the new president.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aristide, already elected, wasn't even officially sworn in yet when the first coup attempt occurred to prevent it. On the night of January 7, a small group of civilians and military personnel, led by Roger Lafontant, Duvalier's former Minister of the Interior and the main leader of the far-right Macouti, occupied the presidential palace and forced the interim president, Ertha-Trouillot, still in office, to resign. But no sooner had the news spread than thousands, tens of thousands of men and women left the working-class neighborhoods to surround the presidential palace and the army headquarters, to the point that the army, initially cautiously waiting to see what would happen, decided to arrest the small group of coup plotters to protect them from the popular fury.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
And so, barely six months later, Aristide was brutally removed from the presidential palace, arrested but saved at the last minute by, it seems, the interventions of the French and American embassies, then sent to Venezuela.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This time, the coup plotters had prepared the ground. It wasn't one of those coups Haiti has become accustomed to since the fall of Duvalier&#8212;without going back any further&#8212;reduced to a showdown between rival military factions and sometimes resolved after a few exchanges of gunfire. This time, the population was targeted, to terrorize them, to prevent them from reacting as they had in January. The trucks from the &#034;military training camp&#034; from which the coup originated, supported by SUVs filled with armed civilians firing at anything that moved, had already claimed several hundred lives when General Cedras, the Chief of Staff, announced he was seizing power.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It does not matter whether the coup was prepared and executed from the outset by the general staff or whether the latter joined the movement once the coup had been initiated by the extreme right-wing Macoute, military or civilian (several hours after the start of the shooting, speaking of their perpetrators, Cedras was still saying &#034;the rebels&#034;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The armed repression was massive and bloody. The number of victims is estimated at over five hundred dead, with several thousand wounded. The indiscriminate shootings of the early days by an army that was all the more savage because it was not assured of victory, were followed by a more systematic, clearly class-based repression against the poor neighborhoods of Port-au-Prince, Carrefour, Bel Air, and against the slums of Cit&#233; Soleil, Cit&#233; Carton, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Initially, there were reactions in many neighborhoods of the capital and even more so, it seems, in some provincial towns. But in Port-au-Prince, systematic gunfire from armed military and civilian groups shattered any gatherings that might have converged on the city center, as had happened in January. Attempts to stop the military trucks with trenches and planks of nails were thwarted by the intensive use of firearms, which the population had not anticipated. In some provincial towns&#8212;notably Gona&#239;ve&#8212;the resistance was more determined, sometimes forcing the military to retreat locally. But it was an unequal struggle. The population was unprepared, neither materially nor, above all, politically, to face such a violent and bloody offensive by the army.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aristide and the army&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The population had, however, demonstrated its capacity to react in January. Furthermore, the army was numerically small, with only seven thousand soldiers for a population of six million, and, more importantly, for a capital city of nearly one million inhabitants, a large proportion of whom lived in the poorer neighborhoods. At the time of Aristide's rise to power, it was notoriously divided between cliques of officers more adept at trafficking and smuggling than at military service. Moreover, while the officer corps as a whole, as well as a segment of the troops heavily influenced by the far-right Macoute faction, harbored a visceral hatred for Aristide and the &#034;populace&#034; he claimed to represent, Aristide, on the other hand, enjoyed sympathy among some of the rank-and-file soldiers, generally drawn from the poor peasantry.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But what more could be asked of the military as a &#034;democratic gesture&#034; than to accept as Prime Minister a &#034;man of the left,&#034; even a former &#034;communist,&#034; who also has Aristide's own endorsement ? The United States, which doesn't need to be more royalist than the king, could then proclaim that the democratic process was back on track&#8212;and lift the embargo. Even if, &#034;temporarily,&#034; Aristide were asked to remain abroad, as Theodore envisioned. Even if, behind the puppet Theodore, the army had a completely free hand to continue its policy of repression, as well as its lucrative little schemes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There remains the army itself. From the perspective of the political leaders within the military, Th&#233;odore has several advantages. He was the first non-Macoute political leader to support the military coup and to hail C&#233;dras as the &#034;savior of democracy.&#034; This deserves recognition. Especially since it wasn't a moment of weakness : from 1986 onward, from Namphy to Avril, Th&#233;odore had courted every general who came to power. And when he seemed to pursue an &#034;independent&#034; policy toward the general in the presidential chair, it was to support Colonel Jean-Claude Paul.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Furthermore, Th&#233;odore made many political concessions to the Macoute circles themselves. He was one of those who, after Duvalier's fall, campaigned for &#034;national unity,&#034; even explicitly stating that Duvalierists should have their place in this union.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
It is not certain, however, that Theodore will be accepted by the Macoutic circles and their extensions within the army. Hence, to convince them, Theodore's veritable declaration of love during his press conference addressed to the army. But since feelings aren't everything, Theodore also promises the army money and greater resources.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Honorat or Theodore : in any case, power will be in the hands of the general staff.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The coming days will reveal who will impose their solution : those in the ruling circles willing to make some concessions to the &#034;democratic process&#034;&#8212;that is, to the American recommendation to disguise the dictatorship behind a constitutional fa&#231;ade&#8212;or those who refuse. This will inevitably lead to a kind of showdown between the powerful figures in power. This showdown may remain discreet, but it could also manifest itself in armed demonstrations, or even a new attempted coup. Theodore's home was reportedly threatened for the first time by an armed military group. It seems that, despite the &#034;assurances&#034; he claims to have, some soldiers are not to be believed. Given the army's state of indiscipline, even within its own high command, and even if the &#034;assurances&#034; come from C&#233;dras himself, they are no guarantee of success... [...]. If the Th&#233;odore government finally takes office and the United States gives it its blessing&#8212;and if the military agrees, why wouldn't they, since even Aristide endorses Th&#233;odore&#8212;the poor masses will then witness the full extent of democracy granted to them under the aegis of the privileged classes. The absolute power of the section leaders in the countryside ; the systematic interventions of the military in slums ; the repression, the torture, the assassinations ; the right of all those who hold a shred of power, by virtue of their uniform, their revolver, their position&#8212;or their money&#8212;to steal from and plunder the poorest. Just like before. Just like in Duvalier's time. Except that multiparty politics will exist&#8212;but it has existed for five years already, and even the perpetrators of the September 30th coup didn't abolish it&#8212;and that clashes, verbal or armed, in Parliament will serve as a substitute for &#034;democracy.&#034; These cowardly, greedy, spineless parliamentarians, subservient to every passing power, are, at best, what is granted to the poor masses as &#034;representatives of the people.&#034; And this Parliament, which, without even changing its composition, has shifted from supporting Aristide to supporting C&#233;dras-N&#233;rette-Honorat, is the supreme guarantor of &#034;democracy&#034; !&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
It is likely that the poor masses won't even have the right to Aristide's return, because a &#034;solution&#034; will surely be found to keep him away, held only in reserve by the imperialist powers, in case, in the future, it becomes necessary to appease the poor masses. But if, despite everything, Aristide were allowed to return and if he were not transformed into a martyr by a Tonton Macoute soldier as soon as he set foot on Haitian soil, he would in any case be a helpless hostage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Military policy&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the shadow of the negotiations under the auspices of the OAS, the army continues its policy of repression. During the coup, the indiscriminate, widespread repression aimed to strike the masses, to terrorize them. This was intertwined with the vengeance of all the Tonton Macoute thugs who felt threatened under Aristide, even though Aristide merely made speeches against them, without actually harming them.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
For the past few weeks, something else has emerged. Through arrests, house searches, and targeted assassinations of activists, a political will is manifesting itself : the will to decimate, demoralize, and incapacitate this generation of activists who emerged before and after the overthrow of Duvalier&#8212;these women and men who lead associations, neighborhood committees, and the Ti &#201;glise (a Haitian parish church), who provide the foundation for the political organizations that claim to want to change Haiti in a more democratic direction.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These few thousand young people had many successive illusions, and their determination to act had many limits. Their perspectives were vague, and generally boiled down to the conviction that the order of things under Duvalier should not return, but without really knowing what needed to be done to make that happen.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But their mere existence was a threat to the established order, to the privileged class, to the military. Not for who they were or what they said, but for what they were likely to become. And also for what they did&#8212;despite the moderate nature of their activities&#8212;because the peasant associations, the youth groups in the countryside, and the neighborhood committees in the cities represented, in themselves, a challenge to the authority of the section leaders, a threat to control embezzlement, a structure parallel to the military structures. And even though the committees and associations never gathered large numbers, were neither very active nor radical, they did, in fact, foster a climate of political discussion. The ruling class in Haiti never tolerated the development of such a breeding ground. From it could emerge activists and organizations capable of providing the poor masses with the frameworks and structures they need to defend themselves and, fearing the fears of the wealthy, to liberate themselves !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Despite the repression, this activist milieu did not disappear. But it was severely tested and, above all, lacked prospects. It believed in democracy and freedom, and this conviction gave it the courage to overthrow Duvalier. It then believed in elections, but the massacres in Vaillante Alley blocked this prospect. Disoriented, it regained hope and believed it had found a new direction when Aristide ran for office.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Aristide was elected. But&#8212;whatever one's opinion of his six months in power&#8212;September 30th showed that this power depended on the goodwill of the army, and that, despite what Aristide himself said, it was the same army as before, ferocious against the exploited classes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What are the prospects ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The activists who emerged in 1986 and who weren't so terrified by the repression that they abandoned the struggle are, in a way, at a crossroads.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Those who are frightened by the repression, who become discouraged, are, in a sense, vindicating the military, who will conclude that terror is effective. But one cannot be an activist forever without prospects. And the one offered by the Lavalas leadership is not one. Distributing leaflets, doing graffiti, etc., to support the embargo certainly requires courage from the activists who do it, and this courage deserves respect. But the embargo doesn't depend at all on the activists. It depends on Bush's decisions. He can abandon it whenever it suits him. To offer this to the activists is to offer them inactivity, powerlessness. Furthermore, this means using them to campaign and spread illusions among the masses&#8212;the illusion that they can trust the leaders of the imperialist world, the Bushes, Mitterrands, or Ocampos, to fulfill their democratic aspirations. But what will happen tomorrow if the embargo only results in a Theodore-Cedras government ? How can we continue to honestly justify the sacrifices imposed on the poorest in the name of the embargo ? Activists must reflect on this question. They must realize the futility of this policy. Are the masses not sufficiently mobilized or mobilizable to propose an alternative ? Perhaps. But making them believe in Santa Claus or Bush's democratic goodwill won't help raise awareness among the poor and, above all, in their self-confidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And then there's something else. The embargo, even as presented by the Lavalas leadership, is only a means to an end. The goal is to bring Aristide back.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
But even if they succeeded ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The day before the coup, Aristide was exactly where the Lavalas supporters wanted to put him. He theoretically held power. He had the support of 67% of the electorate. And yet, the clearly expressed will of more than two million men and women&#8212;to speak only of those who voted&#8212;was trampled upon by this corrupt, undisciplined, pathetic, and ferocious army, by barely more than four thousand men, some of whom were actually Aristide supporters.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But how was this possible ? Why were four thousand men able to impose their choice of leaders on several million citizens ? And above all, how can this be prevented in the future, even in the &#034;optimistic&#034; event that current developments lead to the return of Aristides ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To ask these questions honestly, and to pursue them to their logical conclusion, is to challenge the policies of Aristide and the Lavalas leadership during their time in government. It is to challenge the lie of the &#034;people-army alliance,&#034; to challenge an entire policy that consisted of offering the poor only words of hope, while the bourgeoisie was given advantages under the pretext of winning them over to the &#034;Aristide cause.&#034; Ultimately, the bourgeoisie financed the coup, and the poor masses, denied the means to defend themselves and whose heads were filled with a false sense of security, were unable to defend themselves.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Activists who do not ask themselves these questions, who do not dare to go all the way with these ideas and break with their past illusions, are condemned, at best, to ineffectiveness and at worst, in the event that the masses were to get into a frenzy to the point of forcing the ruling classes to bring back Aristide to calm them down, they would be active accomplices in lies to disarm them again.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To accuse the poor, present or future, of being incapable of resisting the military would be sickeningly stupid. The country's so-called &#034;elites&#034; have always accused &#034;the people&#034; of not being ready for democracy, not being ready for development. And this kind of accusation came from this &#034;elite,&#034; this intelligentsia, whose few most honest members have generally always fled abroad to secure a less wretched life ; and whose majority used their knowledge and positions to contribute to the privileged classes' plundering of the people.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid replicating this attitude within activist circles is to clearly and consciously choose the side of the exploited classes. There is no room in Haiti, not even for a truly effective democracy, without choosing to fight to organize the exploited classes, the working class first and foremost, discreetly, piecemeal during difficult times, and increasingly openly as the poor learn to defend themselves. Even for the relative freedoms and rights granted to other peoples, we cannot rely on top-down solutions. Salvation can only come from below. The working class and the poor neighborhoods organizing for their class interests&#8212;political as well as material&#8212;and giving themselves the means to defend themselves, this is the only possible foundation for democracy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But this cannot be achieved by incantation, by chance, in the heat of events. It requires activists who defend this policy. It requires that they have made a fundamental choice beforehand. And this choice is that of the only political strategy that stems from the idea that it is the seizure and exercise of power by the organized proletariat that can radically transform society and overthrow not only the officer caste, the Tonton Macoutes, but the entire propertied class&#8212;that is to say, the choice of Marxism and communism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At a time when the possibility of Theodore coming to power, as well as the collapse of regimes in Eastern European countries, shows the depth of the rot reached by &#034;official&#034; communism, this ideology which has only kept the &#034;communist&#034; label to better betray its spirit, to serve the bureaucracy of the former Soviet Union, it is essential that our generation of activists, after so many illusions, errors, hesitations, uncertainties, reconnect with the ideas of class struggle, with communism, with the battles that the proletariat wages, through its advances and retreats, to overthrow the power of the bourgeoisie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And if this choice is made, even by a significant fraction of the activist community, a truly revolutionary organization serving the proletariat could emerge from the trials of repression. A revolutionary organization whose activists would retain the enthusiasm of the youth of 1986, but without their illusions and naivet&#233;. Activists who would know that freedom and democracy are inseparable from social equality, and that this social equality will not be given to the exploited classes, but rather that the exploited classes have the power to impose it by taking control of all the wealth of this country and its use. In that case, history may hold surprises not only for the uniformed executioners, but for the entire bourgeoisie, both Haitian and international.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
An article from 1993&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The return of Aristide [&#8230;] that is the concession that the general staff has agreed to [&#8230;].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This was, in fact, the only concession. For the rest, Aristide was forced to concede on almost everything. The American press reported that, until the very last moment, Aristide hesitated to sign the agreement, so many unsavory things were being asked of him. But at the last minute, he finally gave in. To save face, he refused to meet C&#233;dras personally. But upon his return, he will have to meet and interact daily, if not with C&#233;dras himself, then at least with the other members of the general staff, who are equally responsible for the September 30th coup. Incidentally, the Lavalas supporters (1) present as a sign of Aristide's future power the fact that he will be responsible for appointing the future commander-in-chief. This is an outrageous claim after what happened on September 30, 1991, under the authority of C&#233;dras, who had already been appointed by Aristide. But in addition, Aristide would have to appoint the new commander-in-chief from among the generals of the high command, and there were only four, all equally responsible for establishing and maintaining the military dictatorship : Biambi, Duperval, Max Mayard, and C&#233;dras himself.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
On the most important issue, Aristide had already conceded long before the Governor's Island negotiations by granting amnesty to the entire army for its coup. He only clung, for months, to the idea of &#8203;&#8203;expelling C&#233;dras from the army and even from the country. This was tantamount to absolving the civilian and military leaders responsible for September 30th, because it certainly wasn't C&#233;dras alone, nor even flanked by Colonel Fran&#231;ois, who personally massacred the three thousand victims of the repression. But at the last minute, they even persuaded him that C&#233;dras himself would not be dismissed, but rather &#034;assert his right to retirement.&#034; The army thus refused to provide even a single scapegoat from its own ranks. No, on the contrary, its leaders proudly asserted that they had been right to stage the coup, thereby bringing about, to use C&#233;dras's recent cynical expression, a &#034;democratic correction&#034; to Aristide's regime. By signing the Governor's Island Agreement, Aristide not only absolved the army of the past coup, but he also implicitly granted it the right to bring about this kind of &#034;democratic correction&#034; to the functioning of the political system in the future.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Not only will the army still be there after October 30th, with the same general staff, the same hierarchy, the same rabid dogs, and therefore in a position to overthrow Aristide whenever it chooses, but it will be able to do so with the tacit approval Aristide has just given it. Furthermore, the threat of a coup will serve as justification, even for the Lavalas leaders, to oppose all demands and even to disavow demonstrations in favor of Aristide. &#034;No provocations&#034; so as not to give pretexts to the coup plotters. This is the name on which the opposition will be silenced. Without even having to intervene, the general staff will exert constant pressure on political life. Which will not prevent it, however much Aristide discredits himself, from intervening anyway. [&#8230;]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From today onward, however, there is a pretense of recognizing Aristide as head of state. He will officially appoint the future Prime Minister, whom the American advisors have undoubtedly already chosen for him. This Prime Minister will, however, have to be approved by Parliament.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
There is obviously a surreal aspect to the power theoretically granted to this collection of doormats, on which all the military have wiped their feet, called Parliament and the Senate. And let's not dwell on the ridiculousness of all these people, fussing about, taking themselves seriously in the role assigned to them. They do, however, have a function. By pretending to increase the role of Parliament, that of the President of the Republic is diminished.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We saw how easily the army dismissed Aristide two years ago, even though he enjoyed the authority of the most widely elected president in Haiti's history and was accused of concentrating too much power in his own hands, particularly in relation to Parliament. Well, this time, even officially, he will have only a limited role. The Prime Minister will govern. Parliament will control the Prime Minister. And of course, the army will still be overseeing everyone, under the tutelage of the United States. And Aristide will no longer be the &#034;elected president,&#034; but the &#034;rehabilitated&#034; president, brought back by the grace of the United States, as conservative publications like Haiti Observateur are already keen to point out.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It doesn't matter ; Aristide is now, once again, the president. His signature will now be required on official documents. He was even given permission to speak on national radio. Oh, with precautions, so as not to offend the military or the Tonton Macoutes : Aristide had to make his first statement since the signing of the Governor's Island Agreement on an American radio station. But the national radio stations agreed to broadcast his speech. It's true that he wasn't at all aggressive toward the military coup leaders. On the contrary, he addressed the army, saying that it is &#034;the responsibility of the current leaders of the military institution to guarantee everyone's safety.&#034; His message was heeded : that very evening, the military, in the name of maintaining order, beat Lavalas activists and sympathizers who were demonstrating in Cit&#233; Soleil, brandishing portraits of Aristide. [&#8230;]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Why did the United States sponsor Aristide's return ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Although the acceleration of negotiations for Aristide's return in recent weeks is clearly the result of increased pressure from US leaders, for many poor people it is still their victory.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is some truth in this feeling among the poor masses. Ultimately, it is the fear of the poor masses and their revolts, both in Haiti itself and, more generally, in the volatile region of the Caribbean and Central America, that makes Aristide useful to American imperialism (just as Juan Bosch is useful to them in the Dominican Republic) (2). But only ultimately, because if, in practice, the Americans have accelerated the movement for Aristide's return, it is precisely because the masses are demobilized and Aristide's return will only be perceived as a victory passively, and certainly not as a dangerous encouragement to join the struggle. Moreover, this is one of the reasons why the imperialist powers, who have treated Aristide as head of state from the beginning, have nevertheless been in no hurry to pressure the military to accept his return ; One of the reasons, also for adding, even now, an additional waiting period until October 30, is that the imperialist leaders want it to be done gradually, so that the masses do not emerge from their apathy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Because if the choice to bring back Aristide was made by the Americans the day after the coup, it was obviously not to respect the feelings and interests of the poor masses but to deceive and demobilize them and avoid the danger represented by these hundreds of thousands of poor Haitians gripped by hunger, living in subhuman conditions and, moreover, terrorized by a bloody military dictatorship that is hardening day by day.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aristide still lives on in the hearts of the poor masses of the population, despite everything. By sponsoring his return, the United States is trying to regain his credibility for maintaining order and stability in Haiti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That's why they used their influence to convince the army to accept the return. The UN-imposed blockade is also a means of exerting pressure. While some sectors of the bourgeoisie benefit, others suffer. The political and military crisis triggered by the September 30th coup is detrimental to business. It's no coincidence that the meeting of political parties to give parliamentary cover to the US-dictated solution will be followed by a meeting of Haitian and American business leaders and IMF representatives with Aristide. Haiti interests them, especially because of the low wages. But for business to thrive, order is essential. And social peace is crucial : that's what they're asking Aristide to guarantee.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The far-right Macoutic movement and so-called progressive nationalists oppose American interference.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A civilian mission, and soon an international police force, are supposed to guarantee the smooth running of the transition period.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The civilian mission is already in place. Its members are not solely occupied with lounging by the pools of the luxury hotels where they are staying. Radio M&#233;tropole reported that it organized meetings in several provincial cities, bringing together section leaders and the officers or non-commissioned officers commanding local military posts, to convince them of the necessity of democracy. At the end of these meetings, notably in Hinche, they distributed the text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to the soldiers present. The latter must have appreciated this commendable educational effort. The mission was somewhat less successful in front of Saint-Jean Bosco (3) or in Cit&#233; Soleil where, although duly summoned by Lavalas officials, the international observers had to be content with watching the soldiers beat the demonstrators, while themselves being subjected to a barrage of insults.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As for the military mission, it hasn't arrived yet. The signatories and protectors of Governor's Island are being very discreet about it. It is expected to consist of around a thousand military personnel, from Latin American countries or perhaps Francophone countries, officially intended to ensure that the transition takes place.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Would this military presence discourage any potential coup attempts by the most hardline Macoutic factions ? Perhaps, but it's not certain. It is at least as much intended to demobilize the poor masses, if only by reinforcing the argument : there's no need to mobilize to protect Aristide's return ; there are troops for that.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, however, the potential presence of these foreign troops is the pretext invoked by the Macoutic circles to cloak their inherent hostility to Aristide's return in the trappings of outraged nationalism. This is nothing new. For two years, the military coup leaders, the far-right Macoutic faction, and drug traffickers have made extensive use of nationalist or Black nationalist demagoguery to deny anyone the right to interfere with their freedom to traffic and murder in their own country. All this, of course, does not prevent them from depositing their stolen money with the very imperialist power whose interference they pretend to oppose, nor from whining for its recognition.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, the denunciation of foreign intervention is also the reason invoked by some so-called progressive nationalists, such as Ben Dupuy and more generally the Haiti Progress movement, to distance themselves from Aristide.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The poor should certainly not see these foreign troops as friends, much less protectors, even if they are officially sent to protect Aristide's return. These troops, instruments of United States policy, are just as much enemies of the poor masses as the Haitian army.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But the verbal anti-imperialism of people like Ben Dupuy shouldn't obscure the fact that these same people didn't protest at all, let alone resign, when Aristide, still at the National Palace, advocated for a marriage between the army and the people. These nationalist-progressive cliques are just as responsible as the most moderate Lavalas supporters for the disastrous policies that disarmed the poor in the face of the army. And even today, by breaking with Aristide on the issue of verbal anti-imperialism, these people continue to deceive the poor, concealing their responsibility for the repression by the national state apparatus, the national army. Indeed, it is precisely in this that even their supposed anti-Americanism, even their supposed anti-imperialism, to which their progressive political identity is limited, is completely bogus. Since the American occupation troops were withdrawn from this country almost sixty years ago, it is indeed &#034;our&#034; national state apparatus, it is indeed &#034;our&#034; army, &#034;our&#034; political class, that have been the principal instruments of imperialism.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
That is why workers, day laborers, the unemployed, the rural poor, the proletariat have nothing to expect from either the protagonists of the Governor's Island Agreement or its most vocal opponents [&#8230;]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Voice of the Workers, July 15, 1993&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
***&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Since this text was written, the process imposed by the United States has begun. A process of democratization ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Not even on the garden side !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Oh, the actors planned in the &#034;democratization&#034; scenario played their parts. Aristide, for starters, inaugurated his role as &#034;restored president&#034; by gracing with his presence this meeting of businessmen, organized in Miami. There, American capitalists interested in subcontracting in Haiti met with representatives of major Haitian bourgeois dynasties, such as Mews and Bigio, proud to have financed the coup, and Brandt, the &#034;Rockefeller of Haiti,&#034; according to the Miami Herald, who reportedly spearheaded a fundraising effort among business leaders to help the coup government pay the soldiers' salaries. The highlight of the meeting was Aristide's embrace of the president of the Haitian Chamber of Commerce, representing all these prominent figures. These same business circles had no trouble accepting Aristide's nomination of Robert Malval, the head of one of Haiti's largest printing companies, as his candidate for Prime Minister.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The constitutional procedure was scrupulously respected. The Senate, then Parliament, debated Malval's candidacy, with numerous motions and counter-motions. Malval indulged himself by giving his government a vaguely &#034;left-wing&#034; slant, by including some former ministers or high-ranking officials from the &#034;Lavalas&#034; government overthrown by the army ; by giving the Ministry of National Education to the current leader of KONAKOM, a party considered &#034;socialist&#034; ; and by appointing as Minister of Social Affairs a close associate of Th&#233;odore, former Secretary General of the former Communist Party.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In his inaugural address, Malval preached &#034;national unity&#034;, &#034;forgetting the past&#034;, &#034;dialogue between all&#034;, before calling &#034;on all exiles without exception to return to the country&#034;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The call was heeded. Generals Namphy and Avril, the two military dictators of the post-Duvalier era, who had been in exile even under C&#233;dras's military dictatorship, returned to the country. Frank Romain, one of the leading figures of the Duvalier regime, also returned. Simone Duvalier, wife of Fran&#231;ois and mother of Jean-Claude, is leaving for Haiti. And rumors are circulating about the possibility of Jean-Claude Duvalier himself returning. Thus, it is possible that the former dictator, ousted in 1986, could be back in Haiti even before Aristide, the current president, can set foot there again.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Even behind the scenes, the &#034;democratization&#034; is therefore primarily benefiting the far-right Macouti faction. This was enough, however, for the United States, as soon as Malval was sworn in, to consider democracy underway, lift the embargo, and unfreeze the accounts in American banks of the most notorious figures responsible for the coup.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On the inside, this brand-new Caribbean democracy is a carbon copy of the military dictatorship. Even during the inauguration ceremony of Malval, Aristide's designated Prime Minister, soldiers beat the few dozen young people who had gathered near the gates of the National Palace to cheer Aristide. And the few Lavalas activists, naive enough to take Malval's call for the &#034;return of the exiles&#034; at face value, who decided to leave their internal exile to return to their towns or villages, were generally seized upon arrival, beaten, arrested, and sometimes tortured by the official authorities, who were now supposed to be obeying Malval and Aristide.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The American &#034;great democracy&#034; is quite ready to accept these imperfections in the democratic process... There are plenty of other &#034;democracies&#034; of this ilk in this world. However, it may be more troubled by the provocative activism of all those who, Governor's Island Agreement or not, Cedras Agreement or not, do not want Aristide's return, any more than they want anyone to touch their privileges, large or small, their positions, or their illicit activities.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The &#034;attach&#233;s&#034;&#8212;a kind of civilian auxiliary to the army&#8212;have twice expressed, in a provocative and undisguised manner, their hostility to the ongoing process. The first time was by assassinating several supporters of Evans Paul, the legitimate mayor of Port-au-Prince, during his attempt to be reinstated in office. The second time, by intervening, armed, against the peaceful commemoration of the massacre at the Saint John Bosco church, perpetrated during the Namphy dictatorship. Ism&#233;ry, a prominent liberal businessman close to Aristide, was killed by several shots fired at point-blank range, and five other people present were murdered with machetes, before the assassins calmly left. All this happened in front of UN observers who, in fact, witnessed...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These are not isolated reactions from a few far-right thugs. A segment of the privileged class, starting with the military hierarchy, profits too much from smuggling, racketeering, and drug trafficking to even risk being excluded from it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Will the United States eventually intervene, either directly or under the auspices of the UN or the Organization of American States ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Will they simply postpone Aristide's return until the legitimate president, exercising his fictitious prerogatives from emigration, finally reaches the end of his term ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Faced with the clear refusal of part of the army and the far-right Macoutic to accept Aristide's return, American leaders are speaking with increasing insistence of a &#034;new police force&#034;, overseen by specialists from an international intervention force.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Haitian army is small in number, poorly disciplined, with a hierarchy corrupt to the core, and largely linked to drug trafficking. But it is the only force facing the impoverished masses&#8212;with, it is true, the support of auxiliary troops under the &#034;section leaders,&#034; the &#034;attach&#233;s,&#034; the private militias of the powerful (4), and the far-right Macoutic movement. This is why, despite all the talk of &#034;democratization,&#034; the United States is careful with the Haitian army, just as the army protects the far-right Macoutic movement&#8212;even though they would like to use the pretext of protecting Aristide to train it, modernize it, and make it somewhat more reliable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The impoverished masses of Haiti cannot even hope for the right to a few democratic freedoms without the army and its auxiliaries being swept aside. At certain points during the last seven years&#8212;in the months following Duvalier's fall, as well as later, just before Aristide's rise to the presidency, when a spontaneous and violent mobilization of the poor neighborhoods thwarted an initial coup attempt&#8212;these masses clashed with the army and forced it to retreat. But all the institutions they trusted were conspiring to deflect their anger, to prevent them from becoming aware of the situation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The poor neighborhoods, deceived and betrayed before being bled dry, now seem demoralized, resigned, without any prospects other than hoping, nonetheless, that Aristide will at least return, without expecting much. No one can predict when, how, or at what pace the impoverished masses will regain their self-confidence. It was their awakening that ended Duvalier's dictatorship and ensured, for a few months, a climate of relative democratic freedom. It is their awakening that could, once again, change the balance of power, and certainly not the &#034;democratization&#034; sponsored by the United States.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(1) Lavalas supporter : a supporter of Aristide. The expression comes from the Creole word &#034;lavalasse,&#034; which refers to the sudden flooding of a river, sweeping away everything in its path. One of Aristide's slogans during his campaign was to call for a &#034;lavalass&#034; of votes in his favor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(2) Saint-Domingue.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(3) Church near the poor neighborhood of Cit&#233; Soleil where Aristide had officiated. Now half-burned by arson, it was the site of several massacres perpetrated by Tonton Macoutes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(4) Grandon : landowner or powerful notable of the countryside.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Haiti - The Agony of the Aristide Regime - Excerpts from the Voice of Workers, January 22, 2004 :&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
A wave of protests rises against Aristide&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Port-au-Prince, January 22, 2004&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The novel aspect of the situation that has developed since the beginning of December 2003 is the scale and frequency of the demonstrations against Aristide. While the opposition had been active since the 2000 elections, it had only very sporadically managed to organize demonstrations of any real significance. This is no longer the case.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A protest movement is taking shape. Demonstrations are multiplying, and the repression&#8212;sometimes by the official police, sometimes by the militias, and sometimes both&#8212;is not deterring participants from returning the next time in equal or even greater numbers. The movement is not limited to Port-au-Prince or Gona&#239;ves. It is affecting, to varying degrees, cities in the North and Center of the country. It is shaking up the political establishment at home and the diplomacy of the major powers abroad.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What is the scale of the movement ? What is its dynamic ? What is its social composition ? What are its stated objectives... and, behind these, its real objectives ? These are the questions that must be asked before its chances of success and what it might represent from the perspective of workers' interests can be assessed.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Illusions crystallize and unify disparate grievances .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The violent intervention of the Chimeras at the Faculty of Humanities on December 5, 2003, was the turning point. It gave the protest a broad militant base with the students who have since provided the bulk of the demonstrators.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This was not the first incursion of these fanatics into the university. But it was one intervention too many. Nor was it the beginning of student protest. But it was from this point that it became political, culminating in the sole demand for Aristide's departure and joining the existing opposition, de facto at first and then, with the publication of a &#034;democratic platform,&#034; officially.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For some time now, the student body had been in turmoil, fueled by demands and fears that were primarily self-serving. Aristide's dismissal of the university administration and the demand for &#034;university autonomy&#034; were the driving forces behind the slow and gradual mobilization of the student movement. In this respect, a comparison is warranted with the student mobilization of 1986, the trigger for the general mobilization that ultimately led to Duvalier's departure. This comparison does not favor the current student movement&#8212;at least, not for the moment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 1986, from the outset, students were motivated by aspirations that went beyond their social standing, preserving or consolidating a particular situation, and offering the hope of escaping the widespread poverty of the working class. Their opposition to the Duvalier regime and their demands for greater freedoms and democracy, however vague, resonated with the aspirations of society as a whole. The movement to &#034;go to the people&#034; to &#034;raise their awareness,&#034; to combat illiteracy by teaching in villages, had its limitations. It also carried with it a great deal of naivet&#233;&#8212;understandable, however, after thirty years of brutal dictatorship and isolation from the outside world. Nevertheless, it carried generous ideals. It addressed the plight of the urban and rural poor, without, admittedly, being able to provide solutions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The current student movement began with purely academic demands. With the violent intrusion of the &#034;chim&#232;res&#034; (a derogatory term for students from disadvantaged backgrounds) into university campuses, real life&#8212;the life lived in working-class neighborhoods&#8212;has become intertwined with academic concerns. Oh, of course, many of these students come from working-class backgrounds and, as such, they know what life is like in impoverished neighborhoods. But access to university appears to them as a means of escaping it. When they protest against the &#034;violation of academic privileges,&#034; they are not simply expressing a legitimate reaction against the terror sown by the &#034;chim&#232;res.&#034; They are proclaiming their own right to escape it. In its very formulation, it is an attempt to defend their own future privileges. The fact that most students are unaware of this, or that some of them even seek to circumvent the movement's boundaries, changes nothing. The political forces embodied by Convergence, and especially the self-proclaimed representatives of &#034;civil society,&#034; have not been mistaken about this. They offered their services, knowing that the student movement was neither hostile to who they were nor to the perspective they intended to embody. They had little difficulty imposing their political direction on the student movement, in the name of the &#034;democratic platform&#034;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The students themselves experienced firsthand that this leadership is quite happy to see Aristide fall&#8212;indeed, that's the extent of its political program&#8212;but not at all to question, even in a literary sense, the role of the privileged class in this country. Even the innocuous banner proclaiming that &#034;the bourgeoisie stole the 1804 revolution from us&#034; was nearly removed, right there in the Faculty of Humanities, at the request of a representative of the Group of 184, in the name of the movement's unity, of course. The students were also asked to erase the more explicit graffiti or slogan : &#034;Down with corrupt politicians, bourgeois thugs, corrupt state.&#034; That this kind of banner bothers the representatives of the Group of 184 and the Convergence speaks volumes about what these people are like. That they demand the banner's removal speaks volumes about their understanding of democracy. The fact that students agreed to remove the slogan from these banners demonstrates their political pusillanimity. Courage in the face of the police or illusions implies neither political foresight nor courage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Of course, the student movement can evolve within the struggle itself, move beyond its self-interest, and formulate demands that concern the impoverished masses, the glaring social inequalities, and the exploitation of workers and peasants by a handful of wealthy bourgeois dynasties allied with American or French big business. But limiting themselves to the objective of overthrowing Aristide and nothing else, without going further, without asking themselves why Haiti cannot escape either dictatorship or poverty, limits their own understanding and delivers them, bound hand and foot, to the opposition, whose undemanding foot soldiers they are on the verge of becoming.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The social base and objectives of the opposition&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;During the contested elections of May 21 and November 26, 2000, the electoral success of Lavalas, and then of Aristide, was not solely the result of cheating or the pressure of empty promises&#8212;although both were significant and primarily reflected the Lavalas supporters' contempt for their own social base. Aristide's popularity in 2000 bore little resemblance to what it had been before and after his 1990 election. The betrayal of the hopes he had raised, his inability to do anything for the poor, the scandalous enrichment of himself and his inner circle, his return to the American military, his compromises with the worst scoundrels of previous regimes, and his fearful deference to the rich and powerful had all taken their toll. Popular support for him was becoming increasingly passive. But it had not yet disappeared, not to the point that working-class neighborhoods were voting for others.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Despite his subservience to the propertied classes, Aristide did not and could not win over the ruling core of &#034;civil society,&#034; that is, the business bourgeoisie. Apart from a few individuals, the bourgeoisie never forgave Aristide for having embodied hope for the poor. They accepted that Aristide did not hinder them in business&#8212;quite the contrary&#8212;but they did not like him.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But she had no choice. The opposition politicians, a motley crew mixing ex-Macoutes with ex-Maoists, sprinkled with disillusioned Aristide supporters who felt they had been poorly rewarded, lacked credibility, not even in the eyes of this &#034;civil society,&#034; this privileged stratum in the broadest sense of the term, that is, the roughly 10% of the population, including both small and large business owners, the intellectual petty bourgeoisie, and generally all those who are, or feel they are not, part of the despised mass of workers, the unemployed, small shopkeepers, or peasants. It is among this stratum that the political opposition has always sought recognition and representation, while utterly disregarding the working classes. By challenging Aristide, they were not only challenging the apprentice dictator - in the eyes of the business bourgeoisie, governing the popular classes in a dictatorial manner has never been a handicap - they were above all challenging the elected representative of the poor population.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It was this inability of Democratic Convergence to gain recognition as a political alternative from the privileged class itself that led to the creation of the Group of 184. The fiction of &#034;representatives of civil society,&#034; and their professed apoliticism, were more likely to be accepted by the entire privileged class, including those&#8212;teachers, intellectuals, doctors, artists&#8212;who had been briefly drawn to Aristide but had since turned away from him. The operation appears to have succeeded.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Apaid is more easily seen as a representative of the protest movement than ex-Macoutes like de Ronceray and Reynold-George ; former military coup plotters like Himler R&#233;bu ; or opportunists like Pierre-Charles and K-Plim. He can even hope to capitalize on not only the aspirations of the large and small business class he directly represents, but also on discontent as diverse as that of small merchants swindled by the cooperative scandal, or even that of the Chim&#232;res who joined the opposition against Aristide. For it must not be forgotten that one of the major factors in the political crisis and the destabilization of the regime, besides the students' anger, is the revolt of the Chim&#232;res of Gona&#239;ves, who consider themselves provoked by the assassination of Amiot M&#233;tayer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This contradictory mix doesn't yet constitute a policy&#8212;but do they need one, given that they only seek to preserve the existing social order without Aristide ?&#8212;but it shakes the Lavalas regime all the more because it has lost its social base. The last few weeks are telling. Aristide is failing to mobilize working-class neighborhoods against the opposition. While for several years the opposition periodically demonstrated its lack of support among the general population, since students have been fueling the demonstrations called for by the opposition, it is Aristide who is demonstrating his inability to organize convincing counter-demonstrations. He is trying to crush dissent through the police or his armed henchmen. He no longer even appeals to the poor neighborhoods, as he once did ; he seeks to terrorize them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Working-class neighborhoods no longer seem mobilizable with words or speeches&#8212;not even Aristide's. Oh, perhaps they could be, if instead of words, Aristide were to realize even a small part of the hopes he had raised. But he doesn't. He is too respectful of the wealthy to touch their privileges, a basic condition for helping the poorest. He, the fickle demagogue of his early days, has clearly become accountable enough to the wealthy and imperialism to accept losing his power rather than taking measures for the benefit of the working classes that could save him.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Aristide and American Imperialism&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(Port-au-Prince, January 22, 2004)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(...)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The political climate is deteriorating and appears very unfavorable to Aristide. (...)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But if the bosses who lead the opposition have gained such importance on the political scene, it is thanks to Aristide himself who gave them consideration instead of bringing them to heel for their malfeasance, their organization of price increases, their debts in unpaid taxes for years and in bills for state public services.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;He could have pursued a different policy to rectify the country's overall situation. (...) But Aristide never stopped flitting about with &#034;civil society&#034; and &#034;the elites,&#034; forgetting that he owed his position as president to the mobilization of the poor masses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, he was accepted as a privileged interlocutor by the Americans who had brought him back in their vans, considering him as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The best solution to prevent an uncontrollable explosion in Haiti !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And it was because of his influence, his ability to be heard by the poor masses of Haiti, that he had until then been &#034;accepted,&#034; even supported, by the Americans. The leaders of American imperialism believed that Aristide was the least bad solution for maintaining order in Haiti. However, they did not consider him entirely reliable ; his past as a popular leader kept them wary of him. They brought him back to Haiti after driving the coup plotters out of the army, and then they allowed him to run for president again, but they always found all sorts of pretexts not to grant him international financial aid (fraudulent legislative elections, lack of democracy).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But while pretending to demand more democracy or more rights for the opposition, the US never granted them its support and never abandoned Aristide. He was always considered their best option for maintaining relative social peace in Haiti, a judgment based on the illusions that Aristide was able to feed Haiti's poor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It was thanks to this that he was able to maintain order, but today order is seriously disturbed by demonstrations, by the abuses of the chimeras and Aristide does not seem to be able to count on his own popular base, apart from the armed thugs financed by him who call themselves the &#034;chimeras&#034;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(...)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Even an Aristide weakened by the current protests could be of some use in the eyes of the Americans, more so than the Apaid, Convergence, and other groups that have no real influence over the working and poor population, the very people whose anger is most feared. This means that without someone like Aristide, it would open the door to all sorts of uncontrollable events. Something the Americans obviously don't want. But they can neither foresee nor control everything.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It's difficult to say how the current situation will evolve ; it could change from one moment to the next. On Wednesday, January 21, Aristide and his police managed to block and nip in the bud a demonstration that was supposed to start at the university with students and teachers. It was a failure for the organizers because no one was able to leave the university area to march into the city. At the same time, Lavalas parliamentarians marched in Port-au-Prince with a demonstration of several thousand people ! Is this the beginning of the Lavalas camp's remobilization ? Or is it a last-ditch effort ? Too early to tell !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(...)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Even if Aristide were to emerge from this crisis, he would be considerably weakened, and the Lavalas movement even more so. In other words, his opponents will seize the first opportunity to demonstrate to the Americans that Aristide is incapable of maintaining order !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In any case, for the workers, their hopes cannot be placed in either camp. One is that of a man who has betrayed the hopes that the population had placed in him, the other that of the so-called democrats of the &#034;184,&#034; that of the bosses who exploit and exercise a constant dictatorship over the workers in their companies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If this side prevails, the workers should not consider Aristide's fall a defeat. They already suffered defeat a few years ago when Aristide abandoned all the objectives he had championed when he was just a militant for TKL. Once president, he immediately focused on cultivating good relations with the wealthy and the army. And that is precisely what led to his overthrow by the very army he thought he had under his control.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Today, ten years later, he is pursuing the same policy based on respecting the interests of the rich at the expense of those of workers and the poor. He has still done nothing to compel employers to pay what they owe to public coffers, to force them to respect a minimum of social obligations, starting with a minimum wage re-evaluated according to the real value of the gourde, at least at the level of US dollar wages of 1986/1987, respect for the basic rights to assemble, to form associations or workers' unions, and the right to express oneself freely in the workplace.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Whatever the outcome of the current crisis, workers must learn the lesson that they need to empower themselves to influence political life, just as students are managing to do. This is all the more crucial given that workers' influence and role are infinitely greater than those of students in society. What matters for the future is not aligning themselves with either side, both of which are enemies of workers and the poor. Only they can bring about the changes necessary to improve their lot, and indeed the lot of the entire population, from small market women to small transporters and taxi drivers&#8212;all those who depend on their work for a living. Fighting against dictatorship and&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
illusions, yes ! But not behind Apaid and his ilk, or politicians who are former or future Tonton Macoutes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(Port-au-Prince, January 22, 2004)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since the brutal attack by the Chim&#232;res on the Faculty of Humanities on December 5th, students have been engaged in a courageous struggle to protest this attack and, more broadly, the increasingly marked slide of the Lavalas regime towards dictatorship. The beatings, the often violent repression of demonstrations, and the shootings have not discouraged them. Demonstrations are multiplying, and the number of protesters is growing. And the regime, despite its efforts, is struggling to mobilize against them, apart from the Chim&#232;res themselves. Unlike in other eras, the working-class neighborhoods have no desire whatsoever to come to Aristide's aid.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And for good reason. The working classes who once brought Aristide to power, who defended him against Lafontant's coup, who ensured his electoral successes and those of Lavalas for a long time, have every reason to feel deceived and betrayed today.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;No one was naive enough to expect miracles from Aristide's rise to power. But many in the poor had hoped for a little less misery, a little more respect. After so many years of dictatorship under Duvalier, followed by military dictatorships brutal to workers, the unemployed, and small farmers, they hoped for policies somewhat more favorable to the poorest. None of these hopes were fulfilled. Poverty continues to worsen. The most essential public services&#8212;drinking water, garbage collection, hospitals&#8212;are in disarray. The purchasing power of workers in the industrial zone has been cut by two-thirds. But how many more are without work ? How many working-class families struggle to put food on the table every day ? And in several regions, like the North and the Northwest, famine has taken hold and is beginning to claim lives.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Lavalas regime is certainly not solely responsible for the catastrophic plight of the working classes. Those who claim otherwise are blatant liars. Workers in both cities and rural areas have never known anything but extreme poverty in this country. They have always suffered the contempt of the privileged classes who, ironically, live off their labor. They have never received anything from the state's leaders but blows.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Lavalas regime is no worse than those that preceded it. But it is in no way better either. Therein lies the greatest disappointment for those who believed in Aristide and brought him to power. He is just as contemptuous of the poor, just as corrupt, just as favorable to the rich who continue to grow richer while the poor have nothing left but their tears for their dashed hopes. To the plunderers of public funds have simply been added others, from Lavalas itself. Starting with Aristide himself. The man who fifteen years ago presented himself as the spokesperson for the poor has become the wealthy baron of Tabarre.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And worse still : the regime tramples even the dignity of workers and the poor, by handing over the working-class neighborhoods to the chimeras that are becoming less and less distinguishable from Duvalier's macoutes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The students rightly revolted against the violent incursion of the Chimeras into their faculty. But the workers, the poor who live in Cit&#233; Soleil, do not suffer the terror of the Chimeras only during an incursion or a demonstration, but constantly. Ending the Chimeras' dictatorship is in their interest as much as, if not more than, in the students' interest.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;By fighting this dictatorship, the students are setting an example of courage. However, their struggle is not the struggle of the workers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Firstly, because the students themselves limit their struggle to respecting university privileges (for the more moderate among them) and to demanding Aristide's departure (for the more radical). They are indifferent to the untenable situation of the working classes, their misery, and the causes of this misery. They are wrong, however, because dictatorship, the reign of illusions, thrives on the fertile ground of extreme poverty and social inequality.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And above all, while the students are at the forefront of the protest, they do not provide political leadership. They leave that leadership to others.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;They leave it to the &#034;Democratic Convergence,&#034; this association of corrupt politicians who have sold out in the past&#8212;some to Duvalier, others to the generals who took turns in power, still others to Aristide himself, and some to all of them successively. This association of politicians is so discredited, however, so lacking in credibility, so useless to the privileged class of this country and to its protectors in the major powers, that some members of the bourgeoisie itself have had to get involved in a task usually left to the political establishment. They have had to form their own political force, directly led by wealthy business owners like Apaid and Becker. Compared to the corrupt politicians of the &#034;Convergence,&#034; they have the advantage of not having been ministers under either Duvalier or the generals. They have simply enriched themselves under the protection of both groups.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These people call themselves &#034;representatives of civil society.&#034; This very claim reveals that they consider themselves&#8212;business owners, the wealthy and the lesser bourgeoisie, Church dignitaries&#8212;to be society, and nothing else. Workers, the unemployed, day laborers, small shopkeepers, small farmers&#8212;the overwhelming majority of the population simply do not exist for them. These people have always been hostile to Aristide, and still are, not because of what he has become, a protector of the rich and wealthy himself, but because of what he was, even if only in words, even if only for a short time. The wealthy of this country have always been short-sighted, even in their own self-interest, foolish in their greed and fear of the masses of poor people. They have never forgiven their political leaders for siding with the &#034;wretched.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Apaid and his associates, their current political representatives, are using the students and trying to channel discontent to oust Aristide. But the workers, the poor, have nothing good to expect from these people. And those who work in the industrial zone are under no illusions : they know that with Apaid, things will be no better than with Aristide. These people dare to claim to embody freedom in the face of Aristide's dictatorship, but in their companies, it's a dictatorship against those who work there. They dare to speak of a &#034;new social contract&#034; and denounce poverty, but they are the main perpetrators and beneficiaries of it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What prevents Apaid, Becker, and all the other bosses who strut around leading the demonstrations from at least alleviating the misery of their own workers, even if it's just by restoring the purchasing power of wages from the Duvalier era, when he certainly didn't claim to be a friend of the workers ? A wage of US$3 is now equivalent to 135 gourdes. What prevents them from recognizing workers' basic democratic rights, such as the right to assemble and to unionize ? What prevents them from stopping the practice of firing people on the sly ? What prevents them from ensuring working conditions, hygiene, and safety that are worthy of human beings, not a pigsty ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But no sensible worker in the industrial zone expects any of that from their boss. From AGC, owned by Apaid, to PB Apparel SA, belonging to Becker, and including Michiko, in all the companies run by the leaders of &#034;civil society,&#034; exploitation is just as fierce, working conditions just as appalling, and wages just as low as everywhere else. These bosses' profits come precisely from everything that makes their workers miserable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So, if workers can find themselves alongside students and alongside these young people from poor neighborhoods drawn into demonstrations to oppose illusions, they must not accept what the students accept : silencing their demands in the name of &#034;unity of the movement&#034; against Aristide.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the war between Aristide's camp and the opposition, neither represents the interests of the workers and the poor. On the contrary, both represent the continuation of misery and oppression for the working classes. The form itself will not necessarily change : today's pro-Aristide fantasies can be transformed into fantasies favorable to the opposition, provided they are paid to do so. Those in Gona&#239;ves have not improved since they began opposing Aristide.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fighting against dictatorship and illusions, yes. But not behind Apaid and Co. or the ex- or future Tonton Macoutes politicians whose regime will always be a dictatorship against workers and the poor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fighting for freedoms is essential, but not just for the freedoms of a small minority who call themselves &#034;the elite&#034; and who despise the poor majority of society. We must demand for workers the freedom to defend their living conditions within their own companies, the right to organize and challenge the power of the boss.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And we must demand the freedom that, for the working classes, is the prerequisite for all others : the freedom not to die of hunger, that is, to find work and, when they have it, to earn a living wage. This means imposing fair wages on Apaid and his ilk. This means requiring them to invest the profits they make from exploiting their workers in Haiti itself, instead of placing their capital in American banks. This means requiring the State itself, instead of handing over public funds to the bourgeoisie, corrupt high-ranking officials, and self-serving politicians, to collect taxes from the wealthy and dedicate the money to creating useful jobs, starting with major public works projects to build water systems in working-class neighborhoods, to ensure garbage collection, to establish a road network, and to build and operate hospitals and clinics.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rising prices are making even basic necessities unaffordable for a growing number of poor people. The resulting malnutrition and famine threaten a major humanitarian catastrophe. The only way to avert this is through drastic measures : requisitioning food stocks held for speculative purposes and distributing them to the hungry, and using the wealth of the richest to import the necessary food and sell it at cost in state-run stores. Those who are hungry cannot wait, nor can they be satisfied with mere words and promises.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The opposition movement hopes to channel the widespread discontent plaguing society toward its own ends, focusing solely on the demand for Aristide's departure. The best possible outcome is that the student unrest will resonate with and inspire the working classes, who will not be satisfied with the empty promises presented to them as a platform, but will instead fight for demands whose fulfillment is vital to them and which also reflect the interests of the vast majority of society.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Of the three excerpts from &#034;The Voice of the Workers,&#034; written on January 22, 2004, this one is the most outdated by the rapid pace of events that led the United States to oust Aristide. Two weeks earlier, however, the United States was still referring to Aristide's regime as a &#034;legitimate&#034; government and was exploring various political solutions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The article's purpose is to explain why Aristide served the Americans' interests until recently. Although brought back by American troops under the Clinton administration, the Bush administration never hid its dislike for Aristide and its distrust of his unreliability. It supported him for lack of a better option. When, however, Aristide ceased to be useful, Washington discarded him without the slightest qualm.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
THE PROLETARIAN REVOLUTION IN HAITI&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Source : The following article is from socialisme.free.fr :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Unanimity was growing against the regime. In early February 1986, new riots shook the country's main cities. On February 7, Jean-Claude Duvalier was forced to flee to France on a U.S. military plane. Political parties, now legalized, sprang up by the dozens, as did newspapers and radio stations, but it was a National Governing Council (CNG), composed of six Duvalierists, that was tasked with overseeing the transition. The October elections saw a turnout of less than 5% of registered voters. In contrast, the new constitution, adopted in March 1987, was ratified by a very large number of voters. The Tonton Macoutes disrupted the legislative elections, which finally took place in January 1988. A Duvalierist, Leslie Manigat, was elected ; in June, a military coup brought General Namphy to power, only to be ousted in September by General Prosper Avril. He resigned in April 1990. Ms. Ertha Trouillot, chosen by the twelve opposition parties, then presided over a civilian transitional government. In December 1990, regular elections were finally held. Father Jean-Baptiste Aristide (a priest expelled from his order in 1988 for his perceived far-left views) was elected president of the Republic by a large majority. In September 1991, following a bloody coup and violent repression, a military junta led by General Raoul C&#233;dras seized power. Aristide went into exile in the United States. The US imposed an economic blockade on Haiti, further worsening life on the island. Driven by poverty, thousands of Haitians fled or attempted to flee the country. Seeking to buy time, the coup leaders evaded American orders. In September 1994, the United States, with UN approval, finally sent an expeditionary force to the island. President Aristide was reinstated on October 15, 1994. In December 1995, Ren&#233; Pr&#233;val, a member of Aristide's governing coalition, was elected President of the Republic and appointed Jacques Edouard Alexis as Prime Minister in 1998. In November 2000, in a country without a Parliament since 1999, Aristide returned to power after elections boycotted by the opposition and marred by irregularities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;JC DUVALLIER HUNTS... THE ARMY IN POWER&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The absence of revolutionary leadership was immediately and painfully felt in Haiti. In this small country of 6 million inhabitants, a genuine and profound proletarian revolution was developing. All the exploited and oppressed classes were in motion. Otherwise, Jean-Claude Duvallier could not have been driven from power and forced to flee Haiti on February 7 (after thirty years of dictatorship by the Duvalier family, who relied on 200,000 &#034;Tonton Macoutes&#034;). Otherwise, 18 months after his fall, the powerful general strikes that began on June 22 against the National Governing Council and its leader, General Namphy, who succeeded Duvallier, would not have taken place.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ousting Duvallier was essential. Everything had to start there. But that wasn't enough, and it couldn't be enough. In its core&#8212;the army and the officer corps, the police and its special units&#8212;the bourgeois state remained in place. Even the praetorians of the Duvalier regime, the &#034;Tonton Macoutes,&#034; were not disbanded or eliminated. The National Governing Council, under General Namphy, which succeeded Duvallier, represents the officer corps and the gangs of former &#034;Tonton Macoutes.&#034; They rely on them. Like the Duvalier regime, they benefit from the support of American imperialism, which considers Haiti a colony. The government in power must administer the country on its behalf and according to its directives.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Following its fall and the flight of Jean-Claude Duvallier, the National Gendarmerie Committee (CNG) and General Namphy were nonetheless unable to prevent the proliferation of countless political organizations, the formation of trade unions, an extraordinary freedom of expression, and the emergence of numerous newspapers and radio stations. Simultaneously, a powerful yearning for radical change in their economic and political conditions animated the proletariat, the working population, and the youth.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The euphoria following Duvalier's downfall and flight quickly faded. Disappointment, bitterness, and anger ensued. None of the economic, social, and political demands of the masses were met. Instead, the CNG worsened their economic and social situation and seeks to impose a restrictive political framework that safeguards the interests of American imperialism and the comprador bourgeois oligarchy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;AGAINST THE TERRIBLE MISERY OF EMERGENCY MEASURES&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The living conditions of the Haitian people are appalling. Haiti's economy is not only colonial in nature but has also been subjected to the plundering of the Duvaliers and a few families. This included : the sale of the bodies of deceased Haitians to American universities for their anatomy classes ; the sale of Haitian organs and blood to American laboratories ; and the forced sale of Haitians to the Dominican Republic as sugarcane cutters. Foreign aid was partially diverted into the coffers of the Duvaliers and their associates. Duvallier pocketed $1 on every bag of flour leaving Haiti's national flour mill and 50 cents on every bag of cement produced by the &#034;Les Ciments d'Ha&#239;ti&#034; company.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Agriculture and industry were declining : agriculture now only met 60% of the needs of a malnourished population ; annual per capita income (an average that includes the incomes of both the richest and poorest) fell by 9% between 1980 and 1985 ; external debt reached $1 billion for a population of 5.4 million in a country where the average national per capita income was $360 in 1984, the lowest in Latin America. Unemployment affected 60% of the active population. Furthermore, 80% of the population was illiterate.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Only economic, social, and political measures can alleviate the enormous and terrible poverty of the people, reorganize, redirect, and stimulate production. Expropriation of all speculators, embezzlers, and profiteers, past and present. Emergency measures that allow everyone to meet their basic needs through the payment of wages and the allocation of necessary resources, as well as through the distribution of essential goods. No excess, no high incomes, no great private wealth while the working class, the laboring population, and the youth suffer from hunger and are plunged into misery. A job, a work for all who can work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The mere implementation of these measures requires the organization, intervention, and control of workers at all levels and throughout all mechanisms of the economy and finance, without any profound incursions into the private ownership of the means of production and exchange. The question immediately arises : what political decisions are essential to implement these measures ? First and foremost, although this is not sufficient, all participants, supporters of the dictatorship, and profiteers must be eliminated and punished. Clearly, the bourgeoisie, comprador or otherwise, will not bow to the burning necessity of these emergency measures, indispensable for the immediate reduction of the terrible popular misery. American imperialism will not accept them either.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;THE POLICY OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT COUNCIL&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The CNG is the instrument of defense of the bourgeoisie and imperialism. &#034;Le Monde Diplomatique&#034; of November 1986 wrote :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;While the extortion of bosses has ended, in a way the key positions are still in the hands of the Duvalierists. And the structures of monopolies, smuggling, and corruption remain firmly entrenched. They could completely negate the timid efforts at reform led by the CNG. These efforts are notoriously insufficient in terms of purging the regime, since so far only two major torturers of the old regime have been brought to justice : Mr. Edouard CLAUL, sentenced to three years in prison, and Mr. Luc DESYE, sentenced to death.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;This weakness towards the henchmen of the dictatorship is perceived by most citizens as a blatant lack of authority and legality to restore order to the country from top to bottom. And everything remains to be done : the administration has no tax records, there is no civil service register, no control of budgetary funds ; in short, two centuries after its independence, the Haitian state remains effectively to be built.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The most significant decisions in this regard do not necessarily appear to be welcome, particularly the plan to halve the number of civil servants while simultaneously increasing the size and power of the armed forces with US assistance. This latter measure, in particular, is interpreted by some as a roundabout way of integrating the unpopular &#034;Tonton Macoutes&#034; into the army. Needless to say, such suspicion is unlikely to calm tempers or ease social tensions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In what terms are these things said ! The CNG makes no effort, not even a timid one, at reform except for the benefit of capital : privatization and the closure of loss-making state-owned companies are on its agenda. The &#034;citizens&#034; do not believe that the CNG and General Namphy lack &#034;authority.&#034; Quite the contrary. As early as March-April 1986, demonstrations and strikes against the CNG took place. On April 26, 1986, in front of the Fort-Dimanche prison, the army opened fire : 7 dead. An attempt at a general strike was sabotaged by the Haitian Communist Party and all the bourgeois political forces for whom, as for the PCH :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;The CNG is a provisional government. We observe that it is relatively paralyzed due to internal contradictions, but at the same time it is responding to pressure from popular movements and is being forced to make concessions. It is fair to speak of learning democracy ; this also applies to the CNG itself. Before considering presidential elections, we believe it would be preferable to elect a Constituent Assembly which could itself become a National Assembly and appoint the executive branch while awaiting normalization.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The National Governing Council (CNG) attempted to establish its own &#034;legality.&#034; On June 8, 1986, it announced that the election of a Constituent Assembly would take place on October 19. It decided that of the 61 &#034;constituents,&#034; 20 would be appointed by the CNG itself. The election conditions eliminated many voters and parties. The various parties called for a boycott of the elections. 95% of voters did not participate. The CNG concluded that the Haitian people were not ready for democracy. All parties, including the Communist Wind of Haiti and the Church, called for a &#034;yes&#034; vote in the March 29 referendum organized to ratify the &#034;constitution.&#034; With blatant electoral fraud, the &#034;yes&#034; vote reached 99.81%, although the percentage of voters who cast ballots is unknown. The &#034;constitution&#034; stipulated the election of a president and a National Assembly. The President of the Republic cannot dissolve Parliament. Parliament cannot dismiss the President of the Republic. The de facto arbiter is the army, which enjoys immunity. It will effectively constitute the real power. The presidential election should take place on November 29, 1987, with the elected president taking office on February 7, 1988.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;No sooner had the constitution been &#034;ratified&#034; under these conditions than the CNG dissolved the Autonomous Central of Haitian Workers (CATH) for calling for a general strike starting on June 22. The CATH was calling for the general strike to demand the reopening of state-owned enterprises liquidated due to deficits, subsidies for the price of rice harvested in Haiti, compensation for planters affected by the closure of sugar mills, a doubling of workers' wages (from $3 to $6 per day), etc. It also prohibited any commemorative demonstrations for the assassination of protesters by the army on April 26, 1986.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;THE GENERAL STRIKE SABOTAGED.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The general strike launched by the CATH for the reinstatement of dismissed workers was widely observed. Following the promulgation of an electoral decree regulating the upcoming elections, which relegated the Provisional Electoral Council (CEPI), despite its constitutional mandate, to a secondary role, the general strike rebounded and spread. A &#034;strike committee&#034; comprised of &#034;57 parties and organizations&#034; then issued a call for a general strike beginning June 26. While annulling the decree and releasing arrested union members, the CNG unleashed a crackdown : within days, the army and police killed 20 people and wounded hundreds more. After suspending the general strike on Friday, July 4, the committee of 57 called for a new strike, relaunching a new general strike the following week. This strike would, in the following weeks, be interrupted, then resumed, then interrupted again, and so on. It is a carefully studied technique to break up the general strike.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the aftermath of the army massacres, the &#034;strike committee&#034; radicalized its position. It demanded the removal of General Namphy from the CNG. One of its spokespeople stated :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;We want to remain within the framework of the constitution and we are looking for an alternative democratic solution.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The &#034;strike committee&#034; was looking for &#034;a patriotic soldier.&#034; As for the Unified Communist Party of Haiti, from the very beginning of the movement, it defined its position as follows :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Unified Party of Haitian Communists (PUCH), for its part, points out that while it recognizes the National Governing Council (CNG), the government must be composed of people other than discredited individuals. The PUCH emphasizes three immediate objectives : the CNG must withdraw the decree dissolving the trade union (CATH) ; it must reverse the unconstitutional decree restricting the rights of the Provisional Electoral Committee (CEP) ; and finally, the PUCH demands that the CEP draft the electoral decree, since it is the only body authorized to organize elections. (&#034;L'Humanit&#233;,&#034; July 1, 1987)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since then, most of the parties and organizations that made up the &#034;strike committee&#034; have been seeking a &#034;compromise&#034; through the mediation of the Catholic Church, which preaches calm.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A PROLETARIAN REVOLUTION&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The fighting spirit of the proletariat, the youth, and the working population is immeasurable, as is their revolutionary capacity. But everything is being done to disarm them politically. No organization defends the program, the policies, or offers the perspectives they need to win. The masses of this country, constantly crushed under a dictatorship, know the price of democratic freedoms. In opposition to the dictatorial tradition, they advocate for democratic representation and a sovereign National Assembly. However, the use made by General Namphy and the CNG of the slogan &#034;sovereign or constituent National Assembly&#034; certainly jeopardizes it. Against the open dictatorship of the Duvaliers and the CNG, fighting on these slogans and for these objectives is essential.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But democratic freedoms are necessary for the working class, the laboring population, and the youth. Why ? If not to organize themselves and as means and instruments in their class struggle to achieve their class objectives. A democratic representation of all classes of society, a sovereign National Assembly, cannot be maintained for long during a period of revolution, when the antagonisms between classes are exacerbated and become irreconcilable, when, in the near future, one of the fundamental classes is bound to prevail over the other. Who can deny that this is currently the case in Haiti ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The economic and social measures mentioned above are merely emergency measures. They already require a profound incursion into the private ownership of the means of production and exchange, and only a workers' and peasants' government, brought to power by and supported by the proletariat, the working population, can implement them. Satisfying the enormous needs of the people requires reorganizing and reorienting production, driving it according to a plan developed and implemented under the control of the workers. Virtually all the major means of production, the banks, and the insurance companies must be expropriated ; a radical agrarian reform must be carried out ; and the external debt must be cancelled. A workers' and peasants' government, and the organization and revolutionary action of the masses, are indispensable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;All the more so since, from both an economic and political point of view, the revolution in Haiti can only be considered and has a future in the perspective of the proletarian revolution in the Caribbean and Latin America which is raising the masses of these countries against American imperialism in particular, and the comprador bourgeoisies, subordinate, or at least closely linked, to the imperialist system.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Democratic slogans, including that of a sovereign National Assembly, are transitional slogans, subordinate to the slogan and struggle for a workers' and peasants' government. They must be levers to help the proletariat, the working population, and the youth organize, form their committees, centralize them, and establish their own parliament and executive&#8212;as all transitional slogans and demands must contribute. The objective is : the seizure of power by the proletariat, the destruction of the bourgeois state, and the construction of a workers' state functioning according to the norms of workers' democracy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;THE ARMAMENT OF WORKERS AND PEASANTS&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Regardless of the country where it occurs, in any major class struggle, the proletariat, the working population, and the youth are generally confronted by the police and their special units, if not directly by them. The bourgeoisie has long avoided, as much as possible, deploying the army, especially a conscript army, against the working class in motion : it fears that the soldiers will remember they are proletarians beneath their uniforms. Moreover, the army often appears to have other &#034;missions&#034; besides civil war : the defense of the country. The fundamental function of the army and the officer corps is very often obscured. In reality, in all imperialist countries, the function of the army and the officer corps is always the defense, both within and beyond their borders, of the capitalist interests of their country. In the event of a proletarian revolution in any country, the army and the officer corps have as their essential task the civil war waged on behalf of capital against the working class, the laboring population, and the youth, in order to drown the revolution in blood, if necessary. It should also be noted that the current tendency among the bourgeoisies of various capitalist and especially imperialist countries is to return to a professional army, a much more manageable instrument in the hands of the officer corps than a conscript army.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In most semi-colonial countries, particularly in Latin America, including the Caribbean, the army has one function and one function only, obvious to all : civil war, the maintenance of imperialist and bourgeois &#034;order&#034; in the country. Once again, in Haiti, it fulfills this sole function. There can be no genuine struggle for democratic freedoms, a National Assembly, and of course for the demands of the proletariat, except along the path leading to a workers' and peasants' government that includes a policy of liquidating the army, the officer corps, the police, its special detachments, and the &#034;Tonton Macoutes.&#034; Never will the bourgeoisie, never will any bourgeois organization or party, commit to this path. They will only speak of it if they have no other choice, and to create the illusion of &#034;purging.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Only the proletariat, the working population, and the youth can commit themselves to this. In Haiti, nothing is more urgent today than developing political agitation, in conjunction with other slogans, in the face of repression and army shootings, for the arming of workers and peasants. Beginning to organize armed workers' self-defense groups, moving towards worker and peasant militias against the army, the officer corps, the police, and the Tonton Macoutes, is an absolute necessity. Expecting the bourgeois power to liquidate them is futile and dangerous. Hoping that &#034;they&#034; will disintegrate simply because of a general strike or any other movement is no less dangerous. Through a resolute policy, by beginning to organize into militias and arm themselves, only the workers will cause them to disintegrate, shatter, and liquidate.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This clearly defines the nature of the revolution underway in Haiti : a proletarian revolution. It is radically opposed to governments, to power, to the bourgeois state. For the proletariat, there is only one positive outcome : to seize power by relying on the exploited and oppressed classes, to destroy the bourgeois state to its very foundations, and to establish a workers' state. No organization explains this or implements a policy accordingly. No organization is mobilizing for the arming of workers and peasants or working towards the formation of a workers' and peasants' militia. Therein lies one of the weaknesses of the revolution in Haiti.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Ha&#239;tiens vous le savez, le reste du monde l'ignore...</title>
		<link>https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article7678</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article7678</guid>
		<dc:date>2024-03-15T23:04:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Robert Paris</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Ha&#239;ti</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Lutte des classes- Class struggle</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Ha&#239;tiens vous le savez, le reste du monde l'ignore... &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Lire ici : &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article7296 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1787 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1565 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?page=recherche&amp;recherche=haiti &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot119 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#8230;Haiti occup&#233;e militairement&#8230; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1558 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article4023 (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?rubrique99" rel="directory"&gt;08- Livre Huit : ACTUALITE DE LA LUTTE DES CLASSES&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot119" rel="tag"&gt;Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot295" rel="tag"&gt;Lutte des classes- Class struggle&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Ha&#239;tiens vous le savez, le reste du monde l'ignore...&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lire ici :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article7296&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article7296&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1787&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1787&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1565&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1565&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?page=recherche&amp;recherche=haiti&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?page=recherche&amp;recherche=haiti&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot119&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot119&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8230;Haiti occup&#233;e militairement&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1558&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1558&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article4023&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article4023&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8230;Ha&#239;ti : instrumentaliser la violence des gangs pour justifier une nouvelle occupation militaire&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.pressegauche.org/Haiti-instrumentaliser-la-violence-des-gangs-pour-justifier-une-occupation&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.pressegauche.org/Haiti-instrumentaliser-la-violence-des-gangs-pour-justifier-une-occupation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8230;Le Canada se pr&#233;pare &#224; mener une nouvelle intervention militaire en Ha&#239;ti, un pays ravag&#233; par l'imp&#233;rialisme&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.wsws.org/fr/articles/2022/12/22/cana-d22.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.wsws.org/fr/articles/2022/12/22/cana-d22.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8230; L'administration Biden r&#233;dige une r&#233;solution de l'ONU pour le d&#233;ploiement de forces militaires &#233;trang&#232;res en Ha&#239;ti&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.wsws.org/fr/articles/2022/10/20/hait-o20.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.wsws.org/fr/articles/2022/10/20/hait-o20.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8230; les gangs font la loi&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/International/Haiti-les-gangs-font-la-loi-1737619#6&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/International/Haiti-les-gangs-font-la-loi-1737619#6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8230; un paradis pour la criminalit&#233; d'&#201;tat&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.elsie.news/2024/02/haiti-un-paradis-pour-la-criminalite-d-etat-par-peter-koenig.article-qui-pose-la-question-des-ressources-en-gaz-naturel.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.elsie.news/2024/02/haiti-un-paradis-pour-la-criminalite-d-etat-par-peter-koenig.article-qui-pose-la-question-des-ressources-en-gaz-naturel.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8230;ils l'avouent&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.elsie.news/2024/03/haitiens-si-vous-saviez.voici-une-traduction-vite-fait-de-quelques-uns-des-propos-releves-dans-le.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.elsie.news/2024/03/haitiens-si-vous-saviez.voici-une-traduction-vite-fait-de-quelques-uns-des-propos-releves-dans-le.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8230;tous les combats ont &#233;t&#233; saign&#233;s, &#233;cras&#233;s, d&#233;tourn&#233;s et d&#233;courag&#233;s&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.elsie.news/2024/02/vous-aurez-remarque-comment-entre-2004-et-2024-la-population-haitienne-a-ete-amenee-a-abandonner-tous-les.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.elsie.news/2024/02/vous-aurez-remarque-comment-entre-2004-et-2024-la-population-haitienne-a-ete-amenee-a-abandonner-tous-les.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8230; point central du clanchiment d'argent&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.elsie.news/2024/02/archives-2012.blanchiment-d-argent-haiti-classee-en-zone-rouge.haiti-est-classee-4e-parmi-les-pays-ou.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.elsie.news/2024/02/archives-2012.blanchiment-d-argent-haiti-classee-en-zone-rouge.haiti-est-classee-4e-parmi-les-pays-ou.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8230; un r&#233;gime politique mafieux, appuy&#233; par une fraction de la bourgeoisie locale, &#224; travers des &#233;lections truqu&#233;es&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.elsie.news/2021/05/haiti/woz/raket.declaration-de-la-plateforme-francaise-de-solidarite-avec-haiti.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.elsie.news/2021/05/haiti/woz/raket.declaration-de-la-plateforme-francaise-de-solidarite-avec-haiti.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8230; la menace grave d'une mini&#232;re canadienne&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.elsie.news/2024/02/pendant-que-ceci-se-deroule-derriere-la-scene-pour-parler-comme-r.boulos-l-effet-mouton-bat-son-plein.toutes-et-tous-sont-oriente-e-s-vers-l-irrationnel-et-les-fausses-promesses.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.elsie.news/2024/02/pendant-que-ceci-se-deroule-derriere-la-scene-pour-parler-comme-r.boulos-l-effet-mouton-bat-son-plein.toutes-et-tous-sont-oriente-e-s-vers-l-irrationnel-et-les-fausses-promesses.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#171; Rarement un pays n'a &#233;t&#233; gouvern&#233; par une telle bande de criminels et d'incomp&#233;tents&#171; dixit l'eurod&#233;put&#233;e Caroline Roos&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.elsie.news/2021/05/haiti/gangsterisme-d-etat.rarement-un-pays-n-a-ete-gouverne-par-une-telle-bande-de-criminels-et-d-incompetents-dixit-l-eurodeputee-c&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.elsie.news/2021/05/haiti/gangsterisme-d-etat.rarement-un-pays-n-a-ete-gouverne-par-une-telle-bande-de-criminels-et-d-incompetents-dixit-l-eurodeputee-c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8230; pays aux mains des USA&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.elsie.news/2024/03/2004-2024.territoires-perdus-generations-perdues.cable-secret-la-cia-a-orchestre-le-coup-d-etat-en-haiti-en-2004.seuls-pourraient-en.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.elsie.news/2024/03/2004-2024.territoires-perdus-generations-perdues.cable-secret-la-cia-a-orchestre-le-coup-d-etat-en-haiti-en-2004.seuls-pourraient-en.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.elsie.news/2016/02/les-clinton-traitent-haiti-comme-leur-etat-vassal-personnel-par-wayne-madsen-en-anglais.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.elsie.news/2016/02/les-clinton-traitent-haiti-comme-leur-etat-vassal-personnel-par-wayne-madsen-en-anglais.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.elsie.news/2016/02/les-usa-continuent-a-mettre-la-pression-sur-haiti-pour-exiger-une-democratie-made-inusa.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.elsie.news/2016/02/les-usa-continuent-a-mettre-la-pression-sur-haiti-pour-exiger-une-democratie-made-inusa.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Une seule solution en Ha&#239;ti face aux gangs, aux bandits, aux policiers et aux militaires de tous pays...</title>
		<link>https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article7461</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article7461</guid>
		<dc:date>2023-11-07T23:23:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Robert Paris</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Ha&#239;ti</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Une seule solution en Ha&#239;ti face aux bandits grands et petits : l'organisation, l'action de masse, l'armement et la prise du pouvoir par le peuple travailleur ! &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Peuple travailleur d'Haiti et du monde&#8230; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Aidons-nous nous-m&#234;mes ! &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Battons-nous nous-m&#234;mes ! &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Organisons-nous nous-m&#234;mes en assembl&#233;es, en comit&#233;s, en conseils ! &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
D&#233;fendons-nous nous-m&#234;mes nos quartiers, nos familles, nos lieux de travail ! &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Armons-nous nous-m&#234;mes ! &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Construisons notre pouvoir nous-m&#234;mes ! &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Personne ne le (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot119" rel="tag"&gt;Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Une seule solution en Ha&#239;ti face aux bandits grands et petits : l'organisation, l'action de masse, l'armement et la prise du pouvoir par le peuple travailleur !&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Peuple travailleur d'Haiti et du monde&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aidons-nous nous-m&#234;mes !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Battons-nous nous-m&#234;mes !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Organisons-nous nous-m&#234;mes en assembl&#233;es, en comit&#233;s, en conseils !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;D&#233;fendons-nous nous-m&#234;mes nos quartiers, nos familles, nos lieux de travail !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Armons-nous nous-m&#234;mes !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Construisons notre pouvoir nous-m&#234;mes !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Personne ne le fera &#224; notre place !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ne comptons ni sur les arm&#233;es, ni sur les Etats bourgeois, ni sur les partis r&#233;formistes, ni sur les &#233;lections, ni sur les bureaucrates syndicaux, ni sur les chefs militaires ! Organisons nos propres conseils de travailleurs et prenons le pouvoir sur nos luttes comme sur toute la soci&#233;t&#233; !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;L'organisation &#171; Batay Ouvriye &#187; encourage le mouvement de la chasse aux malfrats dans le pays&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'organisation syndicale et ouvri&#232;re ha&#239;tienne &#171; Batay Ouvriye &#187; a tenu sa conf&#233;rence annuelle du 1er mai, au cours de laquelle les syndicalistes ont exprim&#233; leur pr&#233;occupation face &#224; la situation actuelle en Ha&#239;ti. Ils ont appel&#233; la population &#224; intensifier le mouvement de la chasse aux bandits, &#171; Bwa kale &#187;, lanc&#233; depuis deux semaines &#224; Port-au-Prince et dans certaines r&#233;gions du pays.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Les syndicalistes ont d&#233;clar&#233; que la situation devenait incontr&#244;lable m&#234;me pour ceux qui l'ont cr&#233;&#233;e. Ils ont exprim&#233; leur ras-le-bol face &#224; cette situation de gal&#232;re qui semble ne pas avoir de fin. Les bandits, selon eux, sont devenus une menace pour la population et pour l'&#233;conomie du pays.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Les membres de Batay Ouvriye ont soulign&#233; que la lutte contre la criminalit&#233; devrait &#234;tre men&#233;e de mani&#232;re responsable, en &#233;vitant les actes de violence et la justice populaire. Ils ont &#233;galement appel&#233; les autorit&#233;s &#224; prendre des mesures concr&#232;tes pour arr&#234;ter les bandits et &#224; travailler &#224; r&#233;soudre les probl&#232;mes socio-&#233;conomiques qui contribuent &#224; leur existence.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Les syndicalistes ont r&#233;it&#233;r&#233; leur engagement &#224; d&#233;fendre les droits des travailleurs ha&#239;tiens et &#224; lutter pour un avenir meilleur pour tous les citoyens du pays. Ils ont appel&#233; &#224; l'unit&#233; et &#224; la solidarit&#233; pour surmonter les d&#233;fis actuels et construire un avenir plus prosp&#232;re pour Ha&#239;ti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Exproprions les classes riches !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ins&#233;curit&#233;, ch&#244;mage, mis&#232;re : depuis l'ind&#233;pendance, les masses exploit&#233;es n'ont jamais connu mieux sous la direction des classes dominantes. Pire encore, 218 ans apr&#232;s, la cupidit&#233;, l'irresponsabilit&#233; de la bourgeoisie et de ses laquais propulsent tout le pays dans l'horreur des gangs arm&#233;s comme forme de domination et d'exploitation des masses populaires. Depuis belle lurette, ceux qui dominent la soci&#233;t&#233; ont mille fois d&#233;montr&#233; qu'ils n'ont plus la l&#233;gitimit&#233; d'&#234;tre au contr&#244;le de l'&#233;conomie. &#192; la classe ouvri&#232;re et aux masses populaires de s'organiser pour leur botter le cul.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avec comme toile de fond une ins&#233;curit&#233; aux multiples facettes, aliment&#233;e par les gangs arm&#233;s, la classe ouvri&#232;re et les masses populaires subissent de plein fouet les affres des classes dominantes depuis de nombreux mois. Ayant acquis par la violence et par la ruse les moyens de production du pays, les classes riches se sont hiss&#233;es en haut de la soci&#233;t&#233; et la font fonctionner &#224; leur seul profit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aux probl&#232;mes de ch&#244;mage croissant qui menacent l'existence de la majorit&#233; de la population, les patrons r&#233;pondent en licenciant encore plus. Le secteur de la sous-traitance qui comptait environ 60 000 emplois dans les ann&#233;es 1990 est au bord de la faillite. Les patrons exportent leurs capitaux vers d'autres cieux jug&#233;s plus s&#251;rs, vers d'autres activit&#233;s jug&#233;es plus rentables. Sans aucune indemnit&#233; de licenciement, les ouvriers sont jet&#233;s sur le pav&#233;. Priv&#233;s de la vente de leur force de travail pour vivre, ils sont condamn&#233;s &#224; la d&#233;ch&#233;ance.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Face aux probl&#232;mes de la chert&#233; de la vie, les grands commer&#231;ants organisent le march&#233; noir. Les prix des produits de grande consommation flambent sans cesse. Manger &#224; sa faim devient la chose la plus difficile pour une famille de classe pauvre voire de classe moyenne. &#171; Qu'ils cr&#232;vent, il suffit que nos comptes en banque soient bien aliment&#233;s &#187;, se disent les importateurs et autres trafiquants !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le prix du dollar s'envole. Le secteur bancaire s'approprie le peu qui existe pour le revendre en catimini dans l'informel.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les prix des produits p&#233;troliers grimpent sur le march&#233; international. Leurs importateurs et distributeurs s'activent. Dans un tohu-bohu indescriptible, ils vendent au march&#233; noir 3 fois plus cher le peu qu'ils arrivent &#224; faire rentrer. Peu leur importe que cette pratique mette en p&#233;ril la vie de milliers de gens des classes populaires qui stockent ces produits dans leur environnement, ou que les prix des transports grimpent et deviennent hors de port&#233;e de la population.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les kidnappings se multiplient, les meurtres et les massacres sont monnaie courante dans les quartiers populaires. Les riches se d&#233;placent en voitures blind&#233;es et s'entourent de hordes d'agents de s&#233;curit&#233;, tout en continuant de financer, d'armer les gangs criminels contre la population.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La main basse de ces parasites sur la production, sur les richesses produites par les travailleurs, conduit &#224; la barbarie, la d&#233;ch&#233;ance de notre classe ouvri&#232;re. Chasser ces parasites est une urgence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Seule la r&#233;volution men&#233;e par les travailleurs aux c&#244;t&#233;s des paysans pauvres et des autres couches des masses exploit&#233;es mettra fin au r&#232;gne des capitalistes et des grandons1. La socialisation des moyens de production en est la condition indispensable. Il en va de la survie de la grande majorit&#233; de la population. Jeunes travailleurs, jeunes intellectuels, militants qui se reconnaissent dans ce combat, attelons-nous &#224; mettre sur pied ce parti des travailleurs r&#233;volutionnaires qui organisera, guidera les masses exploit&#233;es vers la victoire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#171; Nous n'en pouvons plus ! &#187; : manifestations de col&#232;re &#224; travers le pays.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Du lundi 22 au mercredi 24 ao&#251;t 2022, des milliers de personnes des classes populaires ont manifest&#233; dans plusieurs grandes villes du pays pour d&#233;noncer la d&#233;t&#233;rioration de leurs conditions de vie et exiger que des mesures soient prises en urgence pour rem&#233;dier &#224; leur situation. Au nombre de leurs revendications, la chert&#233; de la vie, la raret&#233; des produits p&#233;troliers, l'ins&#233;curit&#233; et la d&#233;mission d'Ariel Henry de son poste de Premier ministre.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#171; Nous n'en pouvons plus &#187;. La classe ouvri&#232;re et les masses exploit&#233;es sont prises &#224; la gorge par la terreur des gangs arm&#233;s qui transforme leur quotidien en un calvaire. Surfant sur la barbarie de ces groupes criminels, les grands commer&#231;ants, les banquiers, les patrons accentuent leur pression sur la population par la chert&#233; de la vie, les bas salaires. Pour contrer cette offensive criminelle des classes riches, la population est descendue dans les rues manifester sa col&#232;re.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au Cap-Ha&#239;tien, dans la deuxi&#232;&#172;me ville du pays, c'est &#224; l'appel du leader de &#171; Pitit Dessalines &#187; que plusieurs milliers de personnes ont arpent&#233; les rues du centre-ville. Munis de pancartes, de branches d'arbres, les manifestants ont d&#233;nonc&#233; l'ins&#233;curit&#233;, la vie ch&#232;re, la raret&#233; du carburant, tout en demandant la d&#233;mission d'Ariel Henry. Haranguant la foule, Mo&#239;se Jean-Charles a appel&#233; &#224; fermer les banques si le dollar ne descendait pas en dessous de 100 gourdes dans les 72 heures.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tr&#232;s affect&#233;e par les activit&#233;s des gangs arm&#233;s au niveau de Martissant qui les isolent du reste pays, la population de plusieurs r&#233;gions du sud s'&#233;tait mobilis&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La ville des Cayes &#233;tait bloqu&#233;e depuis le dimanche soir. Les barrages dress&#233;s sur les routes ont entrav&#233; toute circulation automobile. Malgr&#233; la r&#233;pression, au moins 3 morts et plusieurs bless&#233;s, les manifestants ont tenu pendant 3 jours.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans la ville de Mirago&#226;ne, de Petit-Go&#226;ve, de Jacmel, beaucoup se sont fortement mobilis&#233;s en gagnant les rues. Partout, c'est le m&#234;me refrain : &#171; Nous n'en pouvons plus &#187;. &#192; Petit-Go&#226;ve, jusque dans la journ&#233;e du samedi, la foule des manifestants, constitu&#233;e en majorit&#233; de m&#232;res de famille, d&#233;non&#231;ait la chert&#233; de la vie et l'ins&#233;curit&#233;. &#171; Les riches veulent nous exterminer &#187;, lan&#231;ait une manifestante.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; part un fl&#233;chissement du co&#251;t du dollar qui est pass&#233; de 160 &#224; 110 gourdes sur le march&#233; informel, le gouvernement n'a pip&#233; mot, preuve que l'intensit&#233; et l'ampleur de cette mobilisation doivent augmenter pour faire reculer cette bande de vautours qui prennent la population comme app&#226;t.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La police nationale d'Ha&#239;ti : le gang arm&#233; officiel des classes riches&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ext&#233;nu&#233;e par les exactions des bandes arm&#233;es, &#224; bout de souffle &#224; cause de la chert&#233; de la vie, ignor&#233;e et m&#233;pris&#233;e par un gouvernement de sc&#233;l&#233;rats, la population est sortie manifester sa frustration et sa col&#232;re &#224; Port-au-Prince et dans plusieurs chefs-lieux de d&#233;partements dans le pays. Mais fid&#232;le &#224; sa r&#233;putation de bourreau des classes populaires, la police est intervenue dans ces manifestations et a occasionn&#233; des morts, des bless&#233;s, des arrestations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; Port-au-Prince comme dans les villes de province, les policiers &#233;taient pr&#233;sents et narguaient les manifestants pendant toute la mobilisation, qui a dur&#233; plus d'une journ&#233;e dans certains endroits comme aux Cayes ou &#224; Mirago&#226;ne. Le samedi 27 ao&#251;t, des milliers de personnes manifestaient encore dans la ville de Petit-Go&#226;ve contre l'ins&#233;curit&#233;, la chert&#233; de la vie et contre le gouvernement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tirs de sommation, balles &#224; hauteur d'homme et gaz lacrymog&#232;nes, la police avait bien re&#231;u l'ordre de s'en prendre violemment aux manifestants. Un bilan partiel d&#232;s le deuxi&#232;me jour de la mobilisation faisait &#233;tat de trois morts, d'une dizaine de bless&#233;s par balles et d'arrestations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La police pr&#234;te toujours ses services aux riches, aux politiciens. Une bonne partie de ses unit&#233;s est utilis&#233;e pour la protection personnelle des VIP, des parlementaires, des bourgeois et des politiques. Elle est toujours aux c&#244;t&#233;s de tous ces gens qui affament la population et la tiennent dans l'horreur de la mis&#232;re extr&#234;me.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Absente dans les quartiers populaires pour soutenir les travailleurs contre les bandits, contre les malfrats qui les prennent &#224; la gorge, la police r&#233;pond toujours pr&#233;sent, d&#232;s la suspicion d'un mouvement de col&#232;re des travailleurs et des masses exploit&#233;es contre les exactions des classes dominantes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans leurs luttes pour revendiquer de meilleures conditions de vie, les masses populaires se retrouveront toujours face aux bras arm&#233;s des classes dominantes, qu'ils soient l&#233;gaux comme la police, l'arm&#233;e ou ill&#233;gaux comme les gangs criminels qui s&#233;vissent actuellement dans les quartiers populaires. C'est une bande d'assassins, en uniforme ou pas, qui sont tous dress&#233;s pour broyer les os des masses populaires en vue de maintenir la domination de la bourgeoisie sur toute la soci&#233;t&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Des conflits meurtriers sporadiques peuvent &#233;clater entre eux. La population n'a pas &#224; y prendre parti. L'&#233;limination d'un chef de gang par la police, par exemple, ne fait pas de cette derni&#232;re une alli&#233;e des classes populaires pour autant. Les travailleurs et les masses exploit&#233;es doivent toujours s'organiser pour se prot&#233;ger. Elles doivent mentalement et physiquement &#234;tre pr&#234;tes pour sortir victorieuses des conflits qui les opposeront &#224; ces gangs arm&#233;s, car de ces victoires d&#233;pendra l'am&#233;lioration de leurs conditions de vie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Laboule 12 : conflit pour titre de propri&#233;t&#233; entre deux gangs&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quand ce n'est pas le kidnapping et les autres actes de bandits arm&#233;s, c'est le pr&#233;texte de conflit terrien que les gangsters utilisent pour terroriser la population des quartiers de Piron, de Fessard, de Boutilliers, de Tara's et des quartiers avoisinants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis le d&#233;but du mois d'ao&#251;t, les habitants de Laboule 12 vivent dans l'angoisse. Aucun jour ne passe sans que les riverains ne subissent les effets des &#233;changes de tirs nourris dans l'affrontement entre les gangs de Ti makak et ceux de Toto. L'ancien tenancier de bordel est devenu voleur de terres. Dans ce conflit, ce sont les habitants des quartiers de proximit&#233; qui sont les victimes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans les quartiers de Laboule 12, avec cette guerre entre les gangs, le kidnapping et les actes criminels des bandits, tous ceux et celles qui vivent de la d&#233;brouillardise et particuli&#232;rement les petites marchandes et les travailleurs prennent la rue au p&#233;ril de leur vie pour vaquer &#224; leurs occupations. Le samedi 6 ao&#251;t 2022, Yvon Buissereth, directeur g&#233;n&#233;ral de l'Entreprise publique de promotion des logements sociaux (EPPLS) et ancien s&#233;nateur, ainsi que son chauffeur, ont &#233;t&#233; attaqu&#233;s et br&#251;l&#233;s vifs &#224; Laboule 12.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour &#233;viter Martissant, tous ceux qui veulent atteindre le grand sud sont oblig&#233;s d'emprunter la route de Laboule depuis une ann&#233;e maintenant. Ces groupes de gangsters sont nuisibles car ils ont d&#233;j&#224; perp&#233;tr&#233; beaucoup de crimes au sein de la population dont le quotidien est constamment perturb&#233;. Comme les exploiteurs, ils sont les ennemis des classes pauvres et les produits de la soci&#233;t&#233; de classe que les travailleurs organis&#233;s doivent combattre jusqu'&#224; sa disparition.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le d&#233;chouquage des bandes arm&#233;es sera l'&#339;uvre des classes populaires&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce samedi 20 ao&#251;t, dans la commune de Croix-des-Bouquets, des bandits, qui seraient des alli&#233;s du gang 400 Mawozo, ont tu&#233; au moins huit personnes, dont trois membres d'une m&#234;me famille calcin&#233;s avec leur v&#233;hicule apr&#232;s la fusillade. Ce carnage s'est produit alors que la presse et une partie de la population chantaient les louanges de la police qui venait soi-disant de d&#233;manteler ce puissant gang 400 Mawozo, dont le chef et certains membres sont en cavale depuis quelques jours. Le message sonne fort : les classes populaires ne peuvent compter que sur elles-m&#234;mes pour mettre hors d'&#233;tat de nuire les gangs qui infestent le pays et s&#232;ment le deuil au sein de la population.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En l'espace d'un cillement, les images ont parcouru les r&#233;seaux sociaux. Une m&#232;re et ses deux filles ex&#233;cut&#233;es et br&#251;l&#233;es &#224; bord de leur voiture, deux motards et un passant parmi les huit victimes. Des bandits ont ouvert le feu &#224; bout portant sur le v&#233;hicule et les passants. C'est un acte crapuleux qui a soulev&#233; la consternation et l'indignation de la population ! Le drame a eu lieu dans une localit&#233; d&#233;nomm&#233;e &#171; Cit&#233; Doudoune &#187;, situ&#233;e dans la commune de la Croix-des-Bouquets o&#249; s&#233;vit le gang des 400 Mawozo, semant la terreur jour et nuit dans la zone.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette barbarie &#224; la Cit&#233; Doudoune, bastion des criminels de 400 Mawozo, vient faire tomber les illusions entretenues par la presse et les politiciens sur les op&#233;rations polici&#232;res et le vrai r&#244;le de la police nationale d'Ha&#239;ti (PNH). C'est un d&#233;menti aux informations laissant croire que le gang est d&#233;mantel&#233;, les activit&#233;s ont repris, la zone est presque lib&#233;r&#233;e, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cela fait, en effet, quelques semaines que des forces sp&#233;cialis&#233;es de la police ont concentr&#233; leurs actions et leurs efforts en vue du d&#233;mant&#232;lement de ce gang qui a d&#233;j&#224; assassin&#233; plusieurs policiers et kidnapp&#233; des citoyens am&#233;ricains.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les nombreuses victimes enregistr&#233;es dans le camp de l'institution polici&#232;re galvanisent la d&#233;termination des policiers qui s'adonnent &#224; des op&#233;rations visant &#224; venger la perte de leurs fr&#232;res d'armes. La police nationale d'Ha&#239;ti ne cache pas sa satisfaction face au succ&#232;s enregistr&#233; par ses unit&#233;s sp&#233;cialis&#233;es engag&#233;es par la force des choses dans la lutte contre le gang 400 Mawozo notamment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les r&#233;sultats obtenus sont attribu&#233;s, par plus d'un, &#224; l'appui d'un char blind&#233; appel&#233; &#171; Ti Magali &#187; dont on vante les m&#233;rites. La population offre ainsi un accueil favorable &#224; l'annonce de l'arriv&#233;e prochaine d'autres unit&#233;s blind&#233;es au service de la police.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mais le renforcement de la police en armes et v&#233;hicules blind&#233;s pour faire face au banditisme a pour corollaire le d&#233;&#172;cuple&#172;ment de la force r&#233;pressive qui sera utilis&#233;e lors des prochains mouvements de protestation des masses populaires. La police sera mieux arm&#233;e pour prot&#233;ger et servir les int&#233;r&#234;ts de la classe dominante au d&#233;triment de la population.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Par ailleurs, au fur et &#224; mesure que des t&#234;tes de bandits tombent, d'autres repoussent comme celles d'une hydre. Car la mis&#232;re, le ch&#244;mage demeurent les facteurs favorables &#224; l'&#233;mergence et &#224; l'entretien des gangs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les &#171; 400 Mawozo &#187; semblent &#233;parpill&#233;s, mais cohabitent avec les populations tenues en otage. Ils conservent leur capacit&#233; de nuisance tant que le peuple souverain ne se d&#233;cidera pas &#224; passer &#224; l'action pour se d&#233;faire de la tyrannie de ces bandits. Aucune institution, aucun groupe arm&#233; ne saurait remplacer les masses dans le d&#233;chouquage des bandes arm&#233;es. Notre histoire, en passant par les tontons macoutes, les verts olive, les brassards rouges, les chim&#232;res, peut en t&#233;moigner.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Vie ch&#232;re : quand la faim hante les foyers&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis plusieurs semaines, les prix en g&#233;n&#233;ral et ceux des produits de consommation courante en particulier ne cessent de grimper sur le march&#233;, diminuant de fa&#231;on drastique le pouvoir d'achat des classes pauvres livr&#233;es &#224; elles-m&#234;mes. Sur fond d'ins&#233;curit&#233; g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233;e, les &#233;meutes de la faim sont &#224; l'ordre du jour dans les discussions entre riverains des quartiers pauvres et sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les cris fusent de partout pour protester contre la vie ch&#232;re. En effet, les prix du riz, du ma&#239;s, de l'huile, du hareng, des spaghettis, du lait, etc. s'envolent de fa&#231;on exponentielle. Une travailleuse de la zone industrielle s'exclame : &#171; avec 1 000 gourdes en main, je n'arrive pas &#224; acheter pour un seul repas &#224; donner &#224; mes 3 enfants, alors que le salaire minimum en vigueur est de 685 gourdes. &#187; Une autre ouvri&#232;re du Parc Sonapi constate qu'avec le m&#234;me montant, elle ach&#232;te deux fois moins de produits alimentaires dans la boutique du quartier. Pendant la pause repas de la mi-journ&#233;e, ce sont tous les travailleurs qui expriment leur choc de constater, malgr&#233; la hausse des prix des plats, la diminution drastique de la quantit&#233; de nourriture servie. Le sachet d'eau potable, essentiel pour ceux qui passent leurs journ&#233;es sous le soleil dans l'espoir de gagner leur vie, passe de 5 &#224; 10 gourdes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La gourde chute &#224; une vitesse vertigineuse et entra&#238;ne dans sa course une inflation galopante et le rench&#233;rissement incessant du co&#251;t de la vie. Les prix des transports, des loyers, des m&#233;dicaments, de la scolarit&#233;, des fournitures scolaires, etc. tout flambe et ce, de semaine en semaine. La moiti&#233; du salaire de la journ&#233;e passe dans les frais de transports pour ceux qui n'habitent pas pr&#232;s de leur lieu de travail. La plupart des travailleurs, bien qu'&#233;puis&#233;s apr&#232;s une longue journ&#233;e, effectuent de longs trajets &#224; pied. Les prix du transport ont presque doubl&#233; avec la crise du carburant.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De sombres pr&#233;dictions pointent &#224; l'horizon, comme celles des &#233;conomistes au service des classes poss&#233;dantes. Kesner Pharel pr&#233;voit que l'extr&#234;me pauvret&#233; et la mis&#232;re s'abattront sur le pays dans les jours &#224; venir. Un chauffeur de taxi, au micro d'un journaliste, voit plus loin et plus clair que ce laquais des riches, disant : &#171; Je sens que l'heure du soul&#232;vement n'est pas loin ; le peuple, opprim&#233; depuis trop longtemps, en a assez et se r&#233;voltera t&#244;t ou tard. &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cap-Ha&#239;tien : leurs r&#233;alit&#233;s et les n&#244;tres !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#201;tonnement ! Tout le monde se demande si ce qu'il a vu sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux est vraiment le Cap-Ha&#239;tien. Oui, c'est bien le Cap. D&#238;ner en blanc, spectacles de rue, nettoyages, fresques, pr&#233;sentation de zones touristiques, pour ne citer que ces &#233;v&#233;nements divulgu&#233;s sur Internet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Toutes les images, vid&#233;os et les manifestations diffus&#233;es, montrant de jolies images de la ville du Cap-Ha&#239;tien, sont prises dans des endroits bien pr&#233;cis. Le bord de mer, &#224; partir de la rue 24 Boulevard, allant vers Car&#233;nage o&#249; se regroupent un ensemble d'h&#244;tels, de restaurants avec vue sur la mer et le d&#238;ner en blanc, sont des images prises &#224; Cormier, situ&#233; au nord de la ville, dans les hauteurs sur la route partant de la rue 90 Car&#233;nage jusqu'&#224; Labadie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le danger plane sur la ville, la catastrophe est imminente. Ce qui est annonc&#233; en cas de catastrophe naturelle est &#224; craindre. Une ville &#233;trangl&#233;e, d&#233;labr&#233;e, sale. La ville, consid&#233;r&#233;e dans le temps comme un joyau historique, devient de plus en plus inhospitali&#232;re. &#192; chaque coin de rue, sont d&#233;vers&#233;s des tas d'immondices. Les habitants vivent dans l'angoisse. Il suffit d'une petite goutte de pluie pour que toute la ville soit inond&#233;e. Des zones comme Car&#233;nage, la rue 5 Boulevard, rue A. la Fossette, et beaucoup d'autres zones en dehors de la ville comme, par exemple, Blue-Hills, Petite-Anse, Shadda, Cit&#233; du peuple, Cit&#233; Chauvel, Verti&#232;res&#8230; sont toujours en alerte d'inondation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au centre-ville, la circulation est presque impossible, les trottoirs sont bond&#233;s de petites marchandes. Le march&#233; de rue 9 rencontre celui de rue 3 et arrive pour l'instant jusqu'&#224; Cit&#233; Lescot et &#231;a continue&#8230; Pas d'eau dans les robinets, pas d'&#233;lectricit&#233; ; depuis la p&#233;riode carnavalesque, le centre-ville est dans le noir total. Pour la nuit du 14 au 15 ao&#251;t, f&#234;te de la ville, les responsables ont fait une man&#339;uvre pour &#233;clairer la zone o&#249; il y a eu quelques activit&#233;s et apr&#232;s, plus rien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans cette ville &#224; l'agonie et en danger, il existe donc des nantis qui, pour se faire encore plus d'argent, pr&#233;sentent une ville belle et accueillante &#224; de futurs clients. Tout cela dans un contexte de mis&#232;re g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233;e. C'est scandaleux, mais les profiteurs ne seront pas toujours les gagnants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DANS LES ENTREPRISES&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La sous-traitance : un secteur en voie de disparition ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les uns apr&#232;s les autres, les patrons de la sous-traitance fuient leurs usines, abandonnant les travailleurs &#224; leur sort. De 60 000 emplois directs environ g&#233;n&#233;r&#233;s par ce secteur d'activit&#233; dans le pays dans les ann&#233;es 1990, ce nombre est r&#233;duit comme peau de chagrin, passant aujourd'hui &#224; moins de 30 000. Avec l'acc&#233;l&#233;ration des fermetures d'usines, c'est toute cette branche d'activit&#233; qui risque de dispara&#238;tre &#224; court terme &#224; l'image de Michico &#224; Cit&#233;-Soleil qui regroupait 8 usines et Parc Mews o&#249; pas moins de 12 usines fonctionnaient avant le coup d'&#201;tat militaire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au parc Sonapi, qui regroupait &#224; lui seul entre 12 000 et 14 000 ouvriers dans pr&#232;s de 60 b&#226;timents, il y avait en tout et pour tout seulement deux usines qui fonctionnaient le samedi 20 ao&#251;t dernier, jour de paye o&#249; affluent g&#233;n&#233;ralement une foultitude de personnes, des petits marchands, des marchands de nourriture cuite, des usuriers, des parents, des camions de transport en commun, venus grappiller quelque chose du maigre salaire des ouvriers, il n'y avait presque pas d'activit&#233;s. Les larges rues du parc Sonapi, o&#249; jadis se bousculaient des centaines d'ouvriers pour se frayer un passage, &#233;taient clairsem&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sur le visage des travailleurs qui sortaient, il n'y avait pas seulement l'expression de la fatigue de la journ&#233;e de travail mais aussi l'angoisse, la peur de basculer dans l'horreur du ch&#244;mage avec ses cons&#233;quences.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour l'instant, les travailleurs ne savent pas jusqu'o&#249; iront les patrons dans le d&#233;mant&#232;lement de l'ensemble des usines. Ma&#238;tres des horloges, ce sont eux qui d&#233;cident. Mais les jours qui arrivent ne s'annoncent pas sous de meilleurs auspices.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au mois de novembre de l'ann&#233;e derni&#232;re, les patrons de l'usine Valdor &#224; Tabarre ont pris la poudre d'escampette, laissant sur le carreau 1 500 &#224; 2 000 ouvriers sans un sou. Les d&#233;marches des travailleurs aupr&#232;s de l'&#201;tat pour se faire d&#233;dommager sont rest&#233;es vaines.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le m&#234;me sc&#233;nario s'est produit dans plusieurs usines au parc Sonapi. Les patrons des usines Horizon et num&#233;ro 40 chez Richard ont fui. Les groupes Wilbes, Hansaee, Lorsa MGA et MBI ont renvoy&#233; pr&#232;s de 75 % de leur effectif. Ceux qui restent travaillent seulement 4 jours, voire 3, sur les 6 jours que compte la semaine. L'usine 29/30 avait d&#233;j&#224; ferm&#233; ses portes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sur la zone franche dans le nord-est, officiellement, les patrons avaient annonc&#233; le renvoi de 4 000 ouvriers mais ce nombre peut &#234;tre en dessous de la r&#233;alit&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fleuron des luttes de la classe ouvri&#232;re depuis une trentaine d'ann&#233;es, la disparition du secteur de la sous-traitance portera un coup fatal au moral des travailleurs, sauf si leur organisation en tant que classe et leur solidarit&#233; forment une force pour affronter l'horreur qui s'annonce.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DANS L'INTERNATIONAL&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R&#233;publique dominicaine : l'extr&#234;me droite, vent debout contre les travailleurs ha&#239;tiens&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; l'appel du maire de la ville de Santiago, Abel Martinez, et de l'institut Duarte, quelques milliers d'ultranationalistes dominicains ont gagn&#233; les rues le samedi 6 ao&#251;t dernier pour faire &#171; pression sur la communaut&#233; internationale concernant le r&#244;le qu'elle doit jouer dans la r&#233;solution de la crise &#187;, disent-ils. Mais cette marche est plut&#244;t un cri de ralliement des extr&#233;mistes de droite dominicaine contre la classe ouvri&#232;re et les masses exploit&#233;es ha&#239;tiennes en situation difficile.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pancartes en main, ces manifestants d&#233;non&#231;aient la pr&#233;sence d'un trop grand nombre d'Ha&#239;tiens sur leur territoire. Ils appellent leur gouvernement &#224; intensifier la construction du barrage &#233;lectrique qui a d&#233;j&#224; d&#233;marr&#233; &#224; la fronti&#232;re ha&#239;tiano-dominicaine, afin d'emp&#234;cher l'exode massif de travailleurs ha&#239;tiens vers leur pays.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'immigration des travailleurs ha&#239;tiens en R&#233;publique dominicaine s'est accentu&#233;e depuis le d&#233;ferlement de la terreur des gangs arm&#233;s dans le pays. Mais contrairement aux bourgeois ha&#239;tiens et &#224; leurs valets politiciens pour qui le tapis rouge est d&#233;roul&#233;, les autorit&#233;s et l'extr&#234;me droite dominicaine pr&#233;sentent ces ouvriers en qu&#234;te de survie comme des parias, des criminels notoires qui mettent en p&#233;ril la souverainet&#233; de leur nation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Certes, les classes riches et le gouvernement dominicains font comme leurs semblables aux &#201;tats-Unis, dans les Cara&#239;bes et dans beaucoup de pays d'Am&#233;rique latine. Car si les discours officiels des chancelleries font mention d'une certaine empathie des autorit&#233;s de ces pays, dits amis, &#224; l'&#233;gard d'Ha&#239;ti qui traverse une situation difficile de son histoire, ces derni&#232;res ne mettent pas de gants pour traquer les migrants ha&#239;tiens qui arrivent dans des conditions &#233;pouvantables et p&#233;rilleuses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En R&#233;publique dominicaine, tout est fait pour les pointer du doigt, pour les d&#233;signer comme les boucs &#233;missaires &#224; abattre. Ils sont sales, laids. Portant des haillons, ils occupent les trottoirs, ils mendient. Ils sont les premiers suspects en cas de vols, de viols et de meurtres. Arrach&#233;s dans les rues et entass&#233;s dans des camions comme des b&#234;tes sauvages, plusieurs milliers de ces travailleurs sont expuls&#233;s chaque semaine par les autorit&#233;s. Le peu qu'ils avaient est ensuite pill&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C'est le cas aussi pour des milliers d'autres Ha&#239;tiens de condition modeste qui vivent dans le pays depuis de nombreuses d&#233;cennies. Les autorit&#233;s dominicaines n'ont jamais r&#233;gularis&#233; leur statut. Ainsi pr&#233;caris&#233;s, ils vivent en permanence avec la peur de se voir prendre et se faire expulser sans sommation aucune.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pourtant, les travailleurs ha&#239;tiens participent &#224; la cr&#233;ation de la richesse en R&#233;publique dominicaine. Pas seulement aujourd'hui. Depuis des dizaines d'ann&#233;es ils sont partout dans la production, dans les plantations de canne &#224; sucre, dans le b&#226;timent, dans les supermarch&#233;s, etc. Mais comme leurs camarades ouvriers dominicains, ils ne re&#231;oivent qu'une pitance comme salaire. L'essentiel de ces richesses grossit les profits des capitalistes dominicains et ha&#239;tiens r&#233;unis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ces partis, en s'en prenant aux Ha&#239;tiens, pr&#233;parent aussi les attaques contre les travailleurs de Saint-Domingue. S'attaquer aux travailleurs &#233;trangers, c'est s'attaquer &#224; une partie de la classe ouvri&#232;re. Et les travailleurs de Saint-Domingue qui les soutiendraient pr&#233;parent eux-m&#234;mes les armes qui se retourneront contre eux demain.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si des centaines de milliers de travailleurs ha&#239;tiens continuent de vivre en R&#233;publique dominicaine, c'est sans doute avec le soutien et la solidarit&#233; de la majorit&#233; des travailleurs dominicains. La bourgeoisie tente &#224; chaque fois de les diviser pour mieux les exploiter. Esp&#233;rons que cette solidarit&#233; entre fr&#232;res de classe continuera car c'est unis qu'ils combattront et vaincront leurs exploiteurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;LA VOIX DES TRAVAILLEURS &#8211; 2 OCTOBRE 2022 (extraits)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les raisons du ras-le-bol populaire&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'explosion de col&#232;re de la population contre la vie ch&#232;re, l'ins&#233;curit&#233;, la mis&#232;re continue de faire des vagues dans tout le pays. La nouvelle hausse du prix des produits p&#233;troliers par Ariel Henry, aggravant la situation des classes pauvres, a imm&#233;diatement enflamm&#233; leur col&#232;re. Mais face au cynisme de la classe dominante, la seule expression de col&#232;re ne suffit pas pour bloquer cette derni&#232;re dans son projet criminel. Les masses pauvres r&#233;volt&#233;es ont l'urgente n&#233;cessit&#233; d'organiser leurs luttes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avec un taux de ch&#244;mage qui bat des records, la population pauvre n'a presque pas de revenus, alors qu'elle doit faire face &#224; une inflation, officiellement de 31 %, qui rend le co&#251;t de la vie extr&#234;mement haut. D'apr&#232;s l'ONU pr&#232;s de 6 millions de personnes sont touch&#233;es par l'ins&#233;curit&#233; alimentaire. Dans les quartiers pauvres, les services de base sont inexistants, pas de soins de sant&#233;, pas d'eau potable ; il n'y a aucun loisir.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avant la d&#233;cision du gouvernement d'augmenter de plus de 100 % les prix de tous les produits p&#233;troliers, les classes pauvres &#233;taient d&#233;j&#224; aux abois. Leur situation &#233;tait d&#233;j&#224; intenable et r&#233;voltante. Et face &#224; la terrible d&#233;gradation de leurs conditions d'existence, des manifestations avaient d&#233;j&#224; eu lieu dans tous les d&#233;partements du pays.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La mis&#232;re, la vie ch&#232;re, le ch&#244;mage, l'ins&#233;curit&#233; avaient pouss&#233; les classes pauvres, &#224; bout de souffle, dans la rue, pour cracher &#224; la face de leurs exploiteurs : &#171; Nou pa kapab ank&#242; &#187;. En effet, depuis 218 ann&#233;es, les masses n'en peuvent plus de cette mis&#232;re permanente, du d&#233;sespoir cr&#233;&#233; par la cupidit&#233; sans borne des classes dominantes qui pillent le pays.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Elles sont indign&#233;es du ch&#244;mage, de la condition de toute une population maintenue dans l'oisivet&#233;, la pr&#233;carit&#233; et le d&#233;nuement scandaleux. Pour survivre, les masses populaires doivent surmonter chaque jour des difficult&#233;s plus graves. En s'adonnant &#224; la d&#233;brouillardise, elles font face &#224; des situations de pire en pire pour s'assurer une existence au jour le jour. Certaines fois c'est toute leur dignit&#233; en tant que personnes qui est menac&#233;e. De surcro&#238;t avec la barbarie des gangs, la terreur permanente qu'ils diffusent, cette existence au jour le jour se transforme en enfer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans une telle situation, pour la population pauvre, la hausse des prix du carburant est un ultime coup qui menace l'existence m&#234;me. D'autant que, depuis un an, les masses pauvres sont t&#233;moins du chaos que la raret&#233; et le march&#233; noir des produits p&#233;troliers ont engendr&#233; et continuent d'engendrer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tant que l'&#233;conomie est dans les mains de cette bourgeoisie d&#233;cadente, les classes pauvres ne conna&#238;tront que mis&#232;re et la soci&#233;t&#233; que chaos et barbarie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Bras de fer entre le gang G9 et le premier ministre sur fond de manifestations populaires&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis le courant du mois d'ao&#251;t, des manifestations populaires quasi quotidiennes contre la chert&#233; de la vie, contre l'ins&#233;curit&#233; se tiennent dans de nombreuses villes de province. &#192; Port-au-Prince, une manifestation a r&#233;uni plusieurs milliers de personnes le mercredi 7 septembre. Mur&#233; dans son silence depuis le d&#233;but, le Premier ministre a choisi de s'adresser aux manifestants tr&#232;s tard dans la nuit du dimanche 11 septembre. Mais en guise d'annonces de mesures pour satisfaire les revendications exprim&#233;es, Ariel Henry a choisi de jeter de l'huile sur le feu en d&#233;cidant d'augmenter de plus de 100 % les prix des produits p&#233;troliers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lundi 12 septembre vers 2 PM, se rappelant ce qui s'&#233;tait pass&#233; les 6 et 7 juillet 2018 contre le gouvernement de Jovenel Mo&#239;se quand il avait voulu augmenter les prix des produits p&#233;troliers, les habitants de la capitale ont spontan&#233;ment d&#233;cid&#233; de bloquer toutes les activit&#233;s en &#233;rigeant des barrages sur toute la chauss&#233;e. La situation est rest&#233;e ainsi pendant toute la semaine.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mercredi 14 septembre, le chef de la f&#233;d&#233;ration des gangs arm&#233;s du G9, Jimmy Ch&#233;risier, dans une vid&#233;o diffus&#233;e sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux, affirmait soutenir les revendications de la population et allait participer &#224; sa mani&#232;re &#224; la mobilisation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quelques jours plus tard, l'administration de Joe Biden et le secr&#233;taire g&#233;n&#233;ral de l'ONU d&#233;non&#231;aient les manifestations comme l'&#233;manation de la volont&#233; des gangs arm&#233;s financ&#233;s par les politiciens et des oligarques du pays. Ce discours est devenu par la suite la position officielle du Premier ministre, Ariel Henry. Depuis lors, le gouvernement consid&#232;re tous les manifestants comme appartenant &#224; un gang ou comme pay&#233;s par les gangs et charge la police de les r&#233;primer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jeudi 15 septembre, Jimmy Cherisier revendiquait les barrages pos&#233;s &#224; l'entr&#233;e du Terminal de Vareux o&#249; sont stock&#233;s environ 95 % des r&#233;serves p&#233;troli&#232;res du pays. Vendredi 23 septembre, apportant son soutien &#224; un mot d'ordre de gr&#232;ve de 3 jours, pr&#233;vue les 26, 27 et 28 septembre, un membre du groupe G9 promettait de fusiller tous ceux qui oseraient sortir pendant ces trois jours. Des passants ont &#233;t&#233; molest&#233;s, d'autres tu&#233;s, sous pr&#233;texte que leur pr&#233;sence dans les rues nuisait &#224; la mobilisation pour faire partir Ariel Henry.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les masses populaires sont prises dans l'&#233;tau de deux camps qui leur sont hostiles et qui foulent aux pieds leurs droits les plus &#233;l&#233;mentaires. Mais elles doivent &#234;tre aussi m&#233;fiantes &#224; l'endroit de ces politiciens qui tentent de parvenir au pouvoir en profitant de leurs luttes.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le chemin menant les masses exploit&#233;es vers l'am&#233;lioration de leurs conditions de vie est parsem&#233; d'emb&#251;ches. Elles peuvent se faciliter la t&#226;che en s'organisant, en cr&#233;ant leur propre parti, une arme efficace pour avancer : le parti des travailleurs r&#233;volutionnaires !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1Grands propri&#233;taires fonciers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le peuple d'Ha&#239;ti est actuellement victime des bandes arm&#233;es des classes poss&#233;dantes (officielles ou pas) et des bandits d'Ha&#239;ti, autant que des bandes arm&#233;es &#233;trang&#232;res. Sous pr&#233;texte des violences subies par la population, la fameuse &#171; communaut&#233; internationale &#187; dirig&#233;e par les USA va encore envoyer des forces arm&#233;es &#233;trang&#232;res occuper Haiti !!!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#171; Le Conseil de s&#233;curit&#233; de l'Organisation des Nations unies a donn&#233; son approbation pour le d&#233;ploiement d'une mission internationale de maintien de la paix &#224; Ha&#239;ti. Dirig&#233;e par le Kenya, cette derni&#232;re a comme objectifs de mettre fin aux violences et de pr&#233;parer le terrain pour la tenue d'&#233;lections. &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Balivernes ! La force arm&#233;e ne va encore qu'&#233;craser davantage le peuple travailleur !!!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMAnalyse/3449&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMAnalyse/3449&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.lenational.org/post_article.php?tri=1387&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.lenational.org/post_article.php?tri=1387&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Une nouvelle intervention arm&#233;e &#233;trang&#232;re en Haiti vient d'&#234;tre programm&#233;e par les grandes puissances, alors que les pr&#233;c&#233;dentes n'ont fait qu'aggraver tous les probl&#232;mes de la population.&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Le Conseil de s&#233;curit&#233; de l'ONU vient de d&#233;cider l'envoi d'une force arm&#233;e en Ha&#239;ti. La violence des gangs y est telle que la survie m&#234;me de la population dans les quartiers populaires est en jeu. S'alimenter devient tr&#232;s difficile quand la vie &#233;conomique est arr&#234;t&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La tentative r&#233;cente d'Ha&#239;tiens pauvres de r&#233;gler leurs comptes eux-m&#234;mes aux gangsters est un pr&#233;c&#233;dent que la bourgeoisie, qui exploite durement les travailleurs de ce pays, ne veut pas voir se reproduire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'intervention &#233;trang&#232;re, pouss&#233;e en sous-main par l'imp&#233;rialisme am&#233;ricain bailleur de fond de l'op&#233;ration, vise &#224; s'imposer &#224; la population pauvre. En tout cas les gangs n'ont jamais &#233;t&#233; &#233;radiqu&#233;s lors des pr&#233;c&#233;dentes interventions militaires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au d&#233;but du mois de d&#233;cembre dernier, aux &#201;tats-Unis, la congressiste d&#233;mocrate d'origine ha&#239;tienne Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick, membre de la commission des Affaires &#233;trang&#232;res de la Chambre des repr&#233;sentants, avait plaid&#233; aupr&#232;s du gouvernement am&#233;ricain pour l'envoi d'une force arm&#233;e multinationale en Ha&#239;ti &#224; partir du 10 janvier 2022 en vue d'aider la police &#224; d&#233;manteler les gangs. Pour l'instant, il n'en est rien. Les &#201;tats-Unis, le Canada et les Nations unies proc&#232;dent plut&#244;t &#224; des sanctions internationales visant des politiciens et des hommes d'affaires pour financement de gangs, trafics de drogue, etc. Environ une quinzaine sont d&#233;j&#224; &#233;pingl&#233;s, tous honnis par la population pauvre plut&#244;t pr&#233;occup&#233;e par la d&#233;gradation brutale de ses conditions de vie. En Ha&#239;ti, l'inflation chronique a atteint un record de 47,2 % au mois d'octobre 2022, et 53,1 % en glissement annuel pour les produits alimentaires. Les classes poss&#233;dantes livrent une sale guerre &#233;conomique aux classes laborieuses qui s'appauvrissent de plus en raison de l'envol&#233;e des prix, du rench&#233;rissement du co&#251;t de la vie et de la chute brutale du pouvoir d'achat. Entre-temps, les bandes arm&#233;es continuent de pousser sur ce terreau d'in&#233;galit&#233;s criantes et de mis&#232;re, tout en renfor&#231;ant leur dictature sur les classes pauvres et leur contr&#244;le sur le pays. Depuis bient&#244;t six ans, aucune &#233;lection n'a eu lieu et les gangs remplissent de plus en plus le vide &#233;tatique. L'article, &#233;crit en octobre dernier, revient sur la situation dans le pays. 14 janvier 2023&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Alors que les &#233;lucubrations au sein de la diplomatie internationale autour de l'envoi d'une force d'intervention militaire en Ha&#239;ti se poursuivent, les bandes arm&#233;es, de leur c&#244;t&#233;, prolif&#233;rant &#224; travers le pays, intensifient la terreur dans les quartiers par des fusillades, des enl&#232;vements collectifs contre ran&#231;on, des pillages et incendies de maisons, tout en se transformant depuis quelque temps en une sorte d'&#201;tat embryonnaire &#224; la faveur de la d&#233;confiture progressive de l'&#201;tat officiel, &#224; commencer par l'appareil d'&#201;tat central. Ces gangs criminels, concentr&#233;s principalement dans le d&#233;partement de l'Ouest (celui de la capitale), d&#233;fendent leurs territoires et cherchent constamment &#224; les &#233;tendre. Pris en otage, des milliers d'habitants de quartiers populaires de l'aire m&#233;tropolitaine prennent la poudre d'escampette ou sont transform&#233;s en boucliers humains lors des affrontements lorsqu'ils n'ont nulle part o&#249; aller. La capitale, Port-au-Prince, est d&#233;sormais ceintur&#233;e par les gangs qui en contr&#244;lent les principales entr&#233;es et sorties, coupant ainsi la connexion entre le d&#233;partement de l'Ouest et les autres d&#233;partements du pays. Pendant les mois de septembre et d'octobre, ce fut la paralysie quasi totale du pays avec le blocage du principal terminal p&#233;trolier. Ce blocage, assur&#233; par G9 de Jimmy Ch&#233;risier, le gang le plus m&#233;diatis&#233;, s'est greff&#233; sur un mouvement de contestation baptis&#233; lock.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Disposant d'une v&#233;ritable machine r&#233;pressive avec des armes lourdes, ces bandits arm&#233;s poussent comme des champignons sur le terreau de la mis&#232;re et du ch&#244;mage massif, et mettent tr&#232;s souvent en d&#233;route les forces de l'ordre, dont les membres sont fr&#233;quemment abattus. Ils ont recours &#224; des dispositifs vari&#233;s pour ramasser de l'argent en ran&#231;onnant l'&#201;tat, la population, les entreprises, etc. Les sommes colossales collect&#233;es servent notamment &#224; s'approvisionner en armes de plus en plus sophistiqu&#233;es et en munitions dans un pays o&#249; l'importation des armes lourdes est interdite &#8211; cela fait plusieurs ann&#233;es d&#233;j&#224; &#8211; par des puissances occidentales comme les &#201;tats-Unis et le Canada. En Ha&#239;ti, d&#233;sormais, c'est le temps de la dictature des gangs dont le &#171; d&#233;chouquage &#187; ne d&#233;pend que des masses en col&#232;re et en &#233;bullition.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#171; L'&#201;tat est fondamentalement une bande d'hommes arm&#233;s &#187;. L'Ha&#239;ti d'aujourd'hui illustre parfaitement cette id&#233;e d'Engels qui date pourtant du 19e si&#232;cle. Mis &#224; part que, &#224; la bande officielle d'hommes arm&#233;s, en uniforme, portant ici l'&#233;tiquette &#171; Police nationale d'Ha&#239;ti &#187;, s'ajoutent de nombreuses autres bandes sans uniforme d&#233;nomm&#233;es G9, G-P&#232;p, 400 mawozo, 5 segonn, Baz chen mechan, Gran grif, etc. Elles ont toutes en commun la caract&#233;ristique de s&#233;vir contre les classes pauvres, de les r&#233;primer avec la derni&#232;re rigueur, de leur enlever jusqu'&#224; la libert&#233; de revendiquer &#224; voix haute, m&#234;me si elles cr&#232;vent de faim ou de maladie. Avec ou sans uniforme, les bandes ont toutes en commun de devoir leur existence mat&#233;rielle &#224; l'argent pr&#233;lev&#233; sur la population, officiellement via les taxes, officieusement par les ran&#231;ons de toutes sortes. Elles ont &#233;galement toutes en commun de fonctionner avec des membres issus des classes pauvres, qui vivent dans les quartiers populaires, c'est-&#224;-dire accessibles aux habitants de ces quartiers quand ils feront exploser leur col&#232;re. Le Premier ministre actuel, Ariel Henry, otage de l'ensemble de ces gangs, a d&#233;clar&#233; r&#233;cemment que son principal probl&#232;me, ce ne sont pas les gangs des quartiers mais plut&#244;t ceux qui s&#233;vissent dans la police, une institution corrompue jusqu'&#224; l'os, dont beaucoup de membres sont en connexion avec les chefs des gangs qui leur versent r&#233;guli&#232;rement des miettes du butin en contrepartie de services rendus. Une preuve que les chiens de garde des riches, en uniforme, et les gangs des quartiers sont copains comme cochons.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si auparavant les bandes arm&#233;es ne formaient que des groupuscules isol&#233;s, chacune &#224; la solde d'un homme d'affaires, d'une personnalit&#233; politique ou d'un membre influent de l'appareil &#233;tatique, elles sont petit &#224; petit devenues des entit&#233;s de plus en plus organis&#233;es, si bien qu'elles se substituent &#224; l'&#201;tat central, s'arrogeant une &#224; une ses caract&#233;ristiques et ses fonctions. En effet, les bandes arm&#233;es contr&#244;lent chacune &#224; pr&#233;sent un espace g&#233;ographique sur lequel l'&#201;tat central n'a plus aucune emprise. Nul besoin de pr&#233;ciser que la population dudit espace ne subit que la loi des hors-la-loi, toute force polici&#232;re ou judiciaire &#233;tant pr&#233;alablement chass&#233;e ou neutralis&#233;e. Disposant d'armes de tous calibres et de munitions &#224; volont&#233;, les bandes arm&#233;es exercent leur force de coercition sur l'espace ainsi usurp&#233;. Voil&#224; alors ces groupes rev&#234;tus de certaines caract&#233;ristiques d'un &#201;tat : territoire, population, force r&#233;pressive et machine &#224; ran&#231;onner la population, &#224; collecter de l'argent sous des formes diverses. Comment ne pas y ajouter la reconnaissance internationale, au vu de la grande consid&#233;ration dont ils jouissent aupr&#232;s de tant de diplomates &#233;trangers, &#224; en juger par le langage utilis&#233; &#224; l'&#233;gard des gangs par la secr&#233;taire du Bureau int&#233;gr&#233; des Nations unies en Ha&#239;ti, Madame Helen R. M. La Lime elle-m&#234;me, qui a reconnu et salu&#233; l'initiative de la f&#233;d&#233;ration G9 ? Dans un rapport du 25 septembre 2020, elle a d&#233;clar&#233; : &#171; Les homicides volontaires signal&#233;s &#224; la police ont diminu&#233; de 12 % entre le 1er juin et le 31 ao&#251;t, et ont fait 328 victimes (dont 24 femmes et 9 enfants) contre 373 (dont 9 femmes et 12 enfants) au cours des trois mois pr&#233;c&#233;dents. Tout comme dans les p&#233;riodes pr&#233;c&#233;dentes, 74 % de ces cas ont &#233;t&#233; enregistr&#233;s dans le d&#233;partement de l'Ouest, o&#249; vit environ 35 % de la population et o&#249; la violence en bande organis&#233;e est plus r&#233;pandue. Un examen plus attentif des statistiques r&#233;v&#232;le cependant une flamb&#233;e subite en juin (171 homicides volontaires signal&#233;s contre 132 en mai) qui co&#239;ncide avec la formation de l'alliance du G9 et correspond aux raids les plus meurtriers men&#233;s sur le quartier de Pont-Rouge et la commune de la Cit&#233; Soleil &#224; Port-au-Prince. Apr&#232;s quoi, on constate un d&#233;clin marqu&#233; de ces incidents apr&#232;s le mois de juillet (77 homicides signal&#233;s), une fois les alliances reconfigur&#233;es. &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ainsi organis&#233; et assur&#233;, l'&#201;tat dictatorial des gangs marque sa pr&#233;sence, fauchant une &#224; une les fonctions et pr&#233;rogatives jadis exclusives &#224; un &#201;tat.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Perception de taxes ou ran&#231;onnement&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ces gangs arm&#233;s proc&#232;dent dans leur aire de fonctionnement respective &#224; la perception de taxes, fonction arrach&#233;e sans aucun partage &#224; l'&#201;tat. Propri&#233;taires de grandes et moyennes entreprises, travailleurs autonomes, commer&#231;ants et d&#233;taillants, etc., tous participent &#8211; sous peine de perturbation de leurs activit&#233;s, ou pire, d'ex&#233;cution sommaire &#8211; &#224; la collecte flagrante et p&#233;riodique du gang qui s&#233;vit dans leur r&#233;gion. Dans certains cas, ces ca&#239;ds &#233;margent aux budgets des grandes entreprises, tant leur protection se r&#233;v&#232;le indispensable &#224; la continuit&#233; de leurs activit&#233;s. Les directions des compagnies de t&#233;l&#233;phonie mobile (la Natcom et la Digicel) en savent long. Elles sont oblig&#233;es de verser un tribut aux chefs de gangs de certaines zones pour assurer la protection de leurs antennes-relais. Forts de leur totale domination, ces gangs n'h&#233;sitent pas &#224; imposer cette condition m&#234;me aux institutions publiques, &#224; l'image des services de douanes (celui de Port-au-Prince, &#224; titre d'illustration, est contr&#244;l&#233; par le groupe G9) qui, tr&#232;s souvent, doivent payer le droit de passage de leurs containers de marchandises. Un ex-d&#233;put&#233;, Profane Victor, membre du parti Bouclier, alli&#233; du PHTK au pouvoir, a prof&#233;r&#233; des menaces de mort envers des agents douaniers pour que ces derniers lui livrent ses conteneurs suspects sans v&#233;rification. Il a d&#233;clar&#233; qu'il allait faire appel au gang G9 pour venir retirer lesdits conteneurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les bandits financ&#233;s par le Tr&#233;sor public&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Certains gangs sont financ&#233;s par le Tr&#233;sor public. Nul ne peut pr&#233;tendre l'ignorer : cette pratique &#8211; qui ne date pas d'aujourd'hui &#8211; s'est syst&#233;matis&#233;e avec les ex-pr&#233;sidents Michel Martelly et Jovenel Mo&#239;se. C'est le cas de G9, par exemple : en parrainant la constitution de cette f&#233;d&#233;ration de gangs, Jovenel Mo&#239;se voulait mater un mouvement de contestation qui le visait en 2018. Le porte-parole de G9, Jimmy Ch&#233;risier, alias Barbecue, n'a jamais cach&#233; sa profonde tristesse en &#233;voquant l'assassinat de l'ex-chef d'&#201;tat qu'il dit consid&#233;rer comme un p&#232;re.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quand le principal pourvoyeur de fonds, l'&#201;tat, refuse d'acc&#233;der gracieusement &#224; une requ&#234;te de financement, les gangs disposent de toutes sortes de moyens de pression pour lui soutirer de l'argent, allant de la saisie de v&#233;hicules de service public au blocage d'axes routiers. Ces moyens de pression sont &#233;galement utilis&#233;s &#224; d'autres fins, comme pour r&#233;clamer la t&#234;te d'un haut fonctionnaire public qui ne leur convient pas. Le gang G9, par exemple, a obtenu au quart de tour le limogeage de plusieurs ministres de l'ancien pr&#233;sident Jovenel Mo&#239;se.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mainmise sur les principaux axes routiers&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aujourd'hui, la R&#233;publique d'Ha&#239;ti n'est plus &#171; une et indivisible &#187; comme le clamaient certains politiciens, elle est hach&#233;e de part en part par le blocage des principales routes nationales contr&#244;l&#233;es par les gangs arm&#233;s. Ces derniers ne se satisfont plus des attaques isol&#233;es et petits rapts ponctuels qui les caract&#233;risaient jadis. &#192; pr&#233;sent, ils r&#233;glementent en totalit&#233; les grands axes routiers tomb&#233;s sous leur coupe. Ils en d&#233;terminent les heures d'acc&#232;s, assurent parfois le service de circulation, installent leurs propres postes de p&#233;age en des points strat&#233;giques, s'offrant ainsi une juteuse rentr&#233;e de fonds. Cela ne constitue pas d'ailleurs leur seule source de revenus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Par ailleurs, des policiers, roulant en chars blind&#233;s, mobilis&#233;s pour contrer les bandes arm&#233;es, font concurrence aux gangs en offrant leurs services de transport &#224; des tarifs astronomiques dans des zones rouges comme &#224; Canaan, grand bidonville situ&#233; &#224; l'entr&#233;e Nord de Port-au-Prince, permettant ainsi la travers&#233;e des points dangereux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Zone industrielle d&#233;serte&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Face &#224; un &#201;tat en d&#233;liquescence et gris&#233;s par leurs succ&#232;s, les bandits se lancent alors dans une d&#233;marche d'extension, d'o&#249; leurs guerres r&#233;currentes pour s'arracher des parcelles de territoire. Plus large est la zone contr&#244;l&#233;e, plus nombreuses se comptent les institutions ran&#231;onn&#233;es. Lors du dernier affrontement opposant G9 et G-P&#232;p on a compt&#233; plus d'une centaine de morts parmi les habitants de Cit&#233; Soleil, le plus grand bidonville de la capitale, &#224; proximit&#233; de la zone industrielle, o&#249; r&#233;sident la plupart des travailleurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ces affrontements ont fini par tuer &#224; petit feu la zone industrielle de Port-au-Prince, assi&#233;g&#233;e de toutes parts par ces groupes arm&#233;s qui tabassent constamment les travailleurs, les d&#233;pouillent apr&#232;s la paie et violent des ouvri&#232;res. Des entreprises sont all&#233;es jusqu'&#224; renvoyer les ouvriers en raison des probl&#232;mes d'ins&#233;curit&#233; et de la raret&#233; du carburant. Le gang G9 ayant bloqu&#233; les acc&#232;s routiers &#224; la douane de Port-au-Prince, les patrons de la sous-traitance n'arrivent pas &#224; d&#233;douaner leurs containers de mati&#232;res premi&#232;res en provenance des USA ni &#224; y envoyer ceux des commandes ex&#233;cut&#233;es. La masse des ch&#244;meurs, d&#233;j&#224; &#233;norme, grossit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Assistance sociale d&#233;guis&#233;e&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les bandits, dans le souci de se prot&#233;ger, cherchent &#224; s'attirer les bonnes gr&#226;ces des riverains qu'ils tiennent captifs. La plupart des groupes arm&#233;s s'improvisent assistants sociaux en distribuant de temps &#224; autre des kits de miettes de leur butin, en nature ou en esp&#232;ces, bien &#233;videmment tir&#233;s de leurs op&#233;rations de rapts. Plus grave encore, ils se substituent aux bureaux de l'&#233;tat civil, car certains chefs de gangs pourvoient quiconque le requiert en cartes d'identification nationale et en autres actes d'&#233;tat civil. Ces &#171; services publics &#187; quasi inaccessibles par les voies l&#233;gales sont offerts en particulier par les gangs du G9 acquis &#224; la cause du pouvoir de l'ex-pr&#233;sident Jovenel Mo&#239;se. Par cette d&#233;marche, les bandits cherchent &#224; s'octroyer une protection contre les gangs rivaux et contre la police, en tentant de ranger de leur c&#244;t&#233; une frange de la population partageant leur aire de fonctionnement, somme toute abandonn&#233;e par un &#201;tat central qui offre par ailleurs toutes sortes de passe-droits et de privil&#232;ges aux bandits et les fait ainsi passer pour des bienfaiteurs, voire des entrepreneurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Immixtion des gangs dans le jeu politique&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les gangs s'immiscent dans la politique. En contr&#244;lant des quartiers, ils sont en situation de peser sur le r&#233;sultat d'&#233;lections (ou plus carr&#233;ment de d&#233;cider du r&#233;sultat officiel). Ainsi, plus la population captive est &#233;lev&#233;e, repr&#233;sentant un fort potentiel &#233;lectoral, plus le chef de gang pourra n&#233;gocier un bon pactole lors des &#233;lections avec les partis et/ou candidats fortun&#233;s. Par ailleurs, les gangs &#233;tant mieux &#233;quip&#233;s que la police, ils sont utilis&#233;s par le pouvoir politique comme suppl&#233;tifs dans la r&#233;pression des mouvements populaires de protestation, par exemple.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les bandits mettent &#224; mal l'appareil judiciaire&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En lieu et place de poursuites judiciaires &#224; l'&#233;gard des bandits, ce sont eux qui mettent au pas les institutions judiciaires. Un &#224; un, des tribunaux, symboles de justice et de la force de l'&#201;tat bourgeois, sont attaqu&#233;s et ferm&#233;s. Citons l'exemple du parquet de la Croix-des-Bouquets, dont le greffe a &#233;t&#233; incendi&#233; par le gang 400 mawozo. Quelques mois avant, le vendredi 10 juin 2022, la bande &#224; Izo, le groupe nomm&#233; 5 secondes, a lanc&#233; une attaque en r&#232;gle suivie de l'occupation du parquet de Port-au-Prince. Toute la meute juridique et judiciaire, avocats, juges, greffiers, etc., a &#233;t&#233; chass&#233;e illico pour ne plus y retourner. La r&#233;plique de l'&#201;tat se fait encore attendre.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les centres carc&#233;raux, surtout ceux de la r&#233;gion m&#233;tropolitaine, subissent r&#233;guli&#232;rement les attaques de bandits cherchant &#224; lib&#233;rer leurs associ&#233;s appr&#233;hend&#233;s par la police.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les ca&#239;ds r&#232;gnent en ma&#238;tres&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les groupes arm&#233;s s'activent &#224; pr&#233;sent &#224; se substituer officiellement &#224; l'&#201;tat. Ils d&#233;terminent pour la population quand il faut rester &#224; la maison ou sortir vaquer &#224; ses occupations, sous peine de repr&#233;sailles, et ces ordres sont mieux respect&#233;s que les notes officielles du gouvernement. Ils se sont m&#234;me f&#233;d&#233;r&#233;s &#224; l'initiative du gouvernement et des diff&#233;rents acteurs internationaux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De plus, conscients que le destin du pays ne se joue qu'&#224; la capitale, les groupes arm&#233;s ont adopt&#233; un sch&#233;ma strat&#233;gique de progression, ceinturant petit &#224; petit le d&#233;partement de l'Ouest. Les cons&#233;quences se r&#233;v&#232;lent criantes et d&#233;vastatrices : raret&#233; des denr&#233;es agricoles et des produits p&#233;troliers, explosion des prix. La population se retrouve asphyxi&#233;e. Et, poussant l'absurde &#224; sa derni&#232;re limite, le chef de gang Jimmy Ch&#233;rizier, alias Barbecue, tr&#232;s m&#233;diatis&#233;, a communiqu&#233; son propre calendrier politique, ainsi que son programme, qui commence &#224; courir avec le d&#233;part du Premier ministre Ariel Henry.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Certains commissariats &#224; Port-au-Prince ou en province sont tomb&#233;s sous le contr&#244;le de bandits qui ont fait d&#233;guerpir les policiers manu militari.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il est un fait indiscutable que l'&#201;tat ha&#239;tien ne contr&#244;le plus rien et qu'aucune force r&#233;elle ne s'oppose &#224; la dangereuse ascension des groupes arm&#233;s. Ces derniers ne se trouvent plus qu'&#224; un pas de renverser totalement l'appareil &#233;tatique et de s'y substituer officiellement. Qu'est-ce qui les en a emp&#234;ch&#233;s jusqu'&#224; pr&#233;sent ? L'absence d'un leader incontest&#233; peut-&#234;tre. Les groupes divergents n'ont jusqu'&#224; maintenant pas encore trouv&#233; une figure dans laquelle ils se reconnaissent tous. On pourrait citer l'ancien chef d'&#201;tat Michel Martelly, un nostalgique de la dictature des Duvalier, qui a grassement approvisionn&#233; les gangs en armes et munitions. Il avait m&#234;me &#233;t&#233; aux c&#244;t&#233;s de C&#233;dras et Michel Fran&#231;ois en 1991 lors du coup d'&#201;tat militaire contre Aristide qui avait fait plusieurs milliers de morts. Martelly pr&#233;sente un profil de rassembleur de ces bandes arm&#233;es mais ne fait pas encore l'unanimit&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quoique &#233;tant le point focal des activit&#233;s illicites de ces groupes arm&#233;s, le d&#233;partement de l'Ouest n'est pas le seul &#224; en souffrir. Les r&#233;percussions sont nationales. Port-au-Prince est &#224; la fois capitale &#233;conomique et politique, et constitue le point d'entr&#233;e de divers produits import&#233;s qui doivent ensuite &#234;tre redistribu&#233;s aux autres villes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En octobre 2022 et depuis, on a assist&#233; &#224; un vrai d&#233;ferlement de violences. Outre les kidnappings contre ran&#231;on, leur sport favori, qui n'ont jamais cess&#233;, les gangs multiplient les fusillades, avec leur cort&#232;ge de morts et de bless&#233;s, dans un pays o&#249; la plupart des h&#244;pitaux peuvent fermer leurs portes faute de carburant et o&#249;, dans les rares qui fonctionnent, les patients sont en d&#233;tresse en raison d'une p&#233;nurie d'oxyg&#232;ne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La violence et la terreur impos&#233;es par des gangs ne sont pas un ph&#233;nom&#232;ne propre &#224; Ha&#239;ti. Des bandits arm&#233;s regroup&#233;s g&#233;n&#233;ralement dans des quartiers populaires pour s&#233;vir contre la population, c'est un produit du capitalisme, g&#233;n&#233;rateur de ch&#244;mage, de mis&#232;re et d'injustices de toutes sortes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La citadelle du capitalisme, les &#201;tats-Unis, grand voisin d'Ha&#239;ti, regorge de gangs d&#233;fiant les forces de l'ordre du pays le plus riche et le plus militaris&#233; du monde. Dans la seule ville de Chicago, pour l'ann&#233;e en cours, les gangs ont d&#233;j&#224; fait plus de 500 morts et environ 3 000 bless&#233;s par balles. Les autorit&#233;s consid&#232;rent tout de m&#234;me avoir r&#233;alis&#233; des progr&#232;s quant au taux d'homicides qui est plus bas que ceux de 2020 et de 2021. Cependant, le rapport de force entre ces gangs et la puissance de l'&#201;tat am&#233;ricain n'a rien &#224; voir avec la situation qui existe en Ha&#239;ti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce qui est particulier en Ha&#239;ti, c'est l'ampleur du ph&#233;nom&#232;ne et le niveau de la collusion entre ces ca&#239;ds et le pouvoir qui les instrumentalise en vue de faire taire toute opposition au gouvernement et d'intimider les habitants des bidonvilles et de tuer dans l'&#339;uf les mouvements de contestation populaire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce qui est encore particulier, c'est l'&#233;volution de ces bandes isol&#233;es en force capable de contr&#244;ler l'&#201;tat, voire de le remplacer progressivement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'ampleur de l'emprise des gangs sur le pays ne va pas sans poser probl&#232;me &#224; la bourgeoisie ha&#239;tienne, m&#234;me si elle est largement responsable de leur d&#233;veloppement et si elle les utilise en partie &#224; son profit. Elle pose aussi probablement un probl&#232;me &#224; l'imp&#233;rialisme, principal responsable de la situation mais qui ne tient probablement pas &#224; voir se d&#233;velopper une nouvelle zone de non-droit aux mains de groupes peu contr&#244;lables. Une r&#233;solution du Conseil de s&#233;curit&#233; de l'ONU vient de d&#233;cider de sanctions contre Jimmy Ch&#233;risier. Le Premier ministre ha&#239;tien et le secr&#233;taire g&#233;n&#233;ral de l'ONU ont lanc&#233; un appel pour une intervention arm&#233;e internationale visant &#224; mettre fin au chaos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'intervention de forces &#233;trang&#232;res imp&#233;rialistes au pr&#233;texte de venir en aide &#224; la population n'a jamais apport&#233; de solution nulle part. On a vu ce que cela a donn&#233;, par exemple, en Afghanistan, en Libye ou au Mali. Ha&#239;ti a d'ailleurs d&#233;j&#224; une riche exp&#233;rience de ces interventions am&#233;ricaines ou onusiennes depuis un si&#232;cle. Les troupes de l'ONU ont d'ailleurs &#233;t&#233; accus&#233;es, &#224; raison, d'avoir introduit le chol&#233;ra en Ha&#239;ti il y a une dizaine d'ann&#233;es. L'ambassadeur chinois adjoint &#224; l'ONU s'est d'ailleurs inqui&#233;t&#233; que l'envoi d'une force militaire internationale pourrait &#171; faire face &#224; de la r&#233;sistance, voire provoquer des confrontations violentes avec la population &#187;. Les puissances imp&#233;rialistes, et en premier lieu les &#201;tats-Unis, sont connues pour &#234;tre les principaux responsables de la situation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Toutes les propositions de sortie de crise envisag&#233;es par le personnel de la bourgeoisie excluent bien &#233;videmment l'intervention des masses populaires. Or ce sont elles, et elles seules, qui peuvent mettre hors d'&#233;tat de nuire les gangs arm&#233;s et offrir un autre avenir &#224; la population. Elles en ont la force, elles l'ont prouv&#233; &#224; plusieurs reprises depuis quarante ans, &#224; commencer par le d&#233;chouquage par la population des &#171; tontons macoutes &#187;, bandes arm&#233;es du dictateur Duvalier, apr&#232;s le renversement de ce dernier en 1986. Il y a actuellement de nombreuses initiatives de r&#233;sistance collective aux gangs arm&#233;s. Dans tel quartier, les habitants repoussent violemment les gangs qui cherchent &#224; s'installer, surtout dans les villes de province o&#249; ils ne parviennent pas &#224; s'implanter. Dans tel autre, des passants r&#233;ussissent &#224; faire &#233;chec &#224; une tentative d'enl&#232;vement. Ailleurs, des manifestations obtiennent la restitution de personnes kidnapp&#233;es. Les habitants des quartiers populaires ont les moyens, collectivement, de tout savoir des gangs, de leur organisation, de leurs lieux de d&#233;tention ou de caches d'armes, etc. Mais pour l'instant, les initiatives de r&#233;sistance sont isol&#233;es, sans organisation ni plan d'ensemble. Elles n'ont pas encore l'ampleur suffisante pour prendre le dessus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La situation en Ha&#239;ti pr&#233;figure une des formes de d&#233;g&#233;n&#233;rescence que peut prendre l'&#201;tat capitaliste sans l'intervention des classes laborieuses. En l'absence d'une intervention r&#233;volutionnaire de ces derni&#232;res, et d'un parti capable de les mener &#224; la victoire, la d&#233;confiture de l'&#201;tat ne profite en rien au prol&#233;tariat des villes et des campagnes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La classe ouvri&#232;re est confront&#233;e, comme toutes les autres cat&#233;gories populaires, &#224; la mainmise des gangs sur la soci&#233;t&#233;. Elle qui s'est mobilis&#233;e &#224; plusieurs reprises ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es pour arracher des augmentations de salaire pourrait jouer un r&#244;le dans un d&#233;chouquage massif des gangs par la population. Elle seule pourra diriger le combat non seulement contre les gangs, qui sont un des sympt&#244;mes de la maladie, mais contre la maladie elle-m&#234;me, le capitalisme, en s'attaquant &#224; la racine du mal, &#224; savoir le pouvoir &#233;conomique et politique de la bourgeoisie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Ha&#239;ti : dans les quartiers et les entreprises, les classes populaires ripostent face aux bandis !&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quatorze bandits lourdement arm&#233;s ont &#233;t&#233; mis hors d'&#233;tat de nuire par des habitants de Canap&#233; Vert. Des riverains d'autres quartiers, surtout &#224; Port-au-Prince mais dans des villes de province &#233;galement, embo&#238;tant le pas &#224; leurs fr&#232;res de classe, n'ont pas tard&#233; &#224; partir &#224; la chasse aux bandits de leurs coins, qui se croyaient jusque-l&#224; tout puissants et intouchables.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jusque-l&#224;, la population, dos au mur, se voyait massacr&#233;e par dizaines dans certains endroits, par centaines dans d'autres. Au cours du mois d'avril, les gangs ont perp&#233;tr&#233; trois massacres : &#224; Onaville, Source Matelas (Cabaret), Cit&#233; Soleil. On parle de plus de 200 personnes assassin&#233;es, dont des b&#233;b&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le sursaut des habitants du Canap&#233; Vert est tomb&#233; comme un coup de tonnerre. Un brusque changement d'&#233;tat d'esprit : &#233;mergence de brigades, renforcement d'autres qui existaient d&#233;j&#224;, concert de casseroles, la vigilance est de mise. Depuis, on veille nuit et jour dans certains quartiers de Port-au-Prince. Face &#224; cette mobilisation, des bandits se retranchent dans leurs trous. On n'entend plus parler de kidnapping depuis quelques jours. La peur et le stress sont en train de changer de camp.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comme les b&#234;tes accul&#233;es peuvent mordre encore plus fort, les risques de massacre deviennent plus &#233;lev&#233;s si la mobilisation ne se g&#233;n&#233;ralise pas en entra&#238;nant des millions de pauvres dans la bagarre contre cette bande de malfrats qui d&#233;molissent la vie sociale et &#233;conomique du pays.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Entre-temps, les syndicats d'enseignants ont trouv&#233; une entente pour lancer une gr&#232;ve illimit&#233;e en vue de contraindre le ministre menteur &#224; r&#233;gler les arri&#233;r&#233;s de salaire ainsi que d'autres probl&#232;mes qui paralysent l'enseignement public.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Bien avant l'alerte du &#172;Canap&#233; Vert et la gr&#232;ve des enseignants du secteur public, des milliers de travailleurs de la zone industrielle, du parc Sonapi essentiellement, avaient observ&#233;, au d&#233;but du mois d'avril plusieurs jours de gr&#232;ve et avaient obtenu satisfaction de leurs revendications.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'Organisation des Travailleurs R&#233;volutionnaires (OTR-UCI)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ha&#239;ti : et pourquoi ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1786&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1786&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La grande arnaque de l'op&#233;ration &#034;sauver Ha&#239;ti&#034; !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1574&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1574&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Que veut dire Ha&#239;ti occup&#233;e par des forces arm&#233;es &#233;trang&#232;res ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1558&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1558&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pourquoi les grandes puissances capitalistes mondiales ont occup&#233; et occupent encore militairement Ha&#239;ti ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article4023&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article4023&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ha&#239;ti : la guerre humanitaire de l'imp&#233;rialisme&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1565&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1565&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour l'organisation autonome et r&#233;volutionnaire des prol&#233;taires d'Ha&#239;ti&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article7296&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article7296&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ha&#239;ti : occupation militaire mais pas d'aide !!!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?breve266&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?breve266&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ha&#239;ti : l'aide internationale &#224; la reconstruction ... de l'Etat des exploiteurs et oppresseurs&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1563&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1563&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quand les grandes puissances s'inqui&#232;tent pour Ha&#239;ti !!!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1554&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1554&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La r&#233;volte d'Ha&#239;ti contre l'occupation des troupes &#233;trang&#232;res&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1785&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1785&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les forces d'occupation &#233;trang&#232;re sont une &#233;pid&#233;mie&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1792&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1792&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les Ha&#239;tiens clament : &#034;de l'aide, des soins, pas des militaires !&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1562&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1562&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Que font les arm&#233;es imp&#233;rialistes en Ha&#239;ti ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/category/haiti/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/category/haiti/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;O&#249; est pass&#233; l'argent des dons &#224; Ha&#239;ti ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?breve360&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?breve360&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Des classes exploiteuses violentes&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1787&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1787&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ha&#239;ti occup&#233;e militairement : pour lutter contre le s&#233;isme ? Oui ! Le s&#233;isme social !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1566&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1566&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'arm&#233;e am&#233;ricaine aide la r&#233;pression des syndicats du textile en Ha&#239;ti&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2010/04/29/larmee-americaine-aidee-la-repression-des-syndicats-du-textile-en-haiti/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2010/04/29/larmee-americaine-aidee-la-repression-des-syndicats-du-textile-en-haiti/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quelle perspective ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Peuple travailleur d'Haiti et du monde&#8230;
&lt;p&gt;Aidons-nous nous-m&#234;mes !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Battons-nous nous-m&#234;mes !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Organisons-nous nous-m&#234;mes en assembl&#233;es, en comit&#233;s, en conseils !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;D&#233;fendons-nous nous-m&#234;mes nos quartiers, nos familles, nos lieux de travail !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Armons-nous nous-m&#234;mes !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Construisons notre pouvoir nous-m&#234;mes !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Personne ne le fera &#224; notre place !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ne comptons ni sur les arm&#233;es, ni sur les Etats bourgeois, ni sur les partis r&#233;formistes, ni sur les &#233;lections, ni sur les bureaucrates syndicaux, ni sur les chefs militaires ! Organisons nos propres conseils de travailleurs et prenons le pouvoir sur nos luttes comme sur toute la soci&#233;t&#233; !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?breve272&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?breve272&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1620&#034; class=&#034;spip_url auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow&#034;&gt;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1620&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lenational.org/post_article.php?pol=669&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.lenational.org/post_article.php?pol=669&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>La Voix des Travailleurs en Ha&#239;ti</title>
		<link>https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article6822</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article6822</guid>
		<dc:date>2023-01-24T23:05:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Robert Paris</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Ha&#239;ti</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Contre le pouvoir des riches et des poss&#233;dants, quelle que soit l'&#233;tiquette politique du gouvernement qui les repr&#233;sente. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Contre les bandes arm&#233;es l&#233;gales ou ill&#233;gales, toutes hostiles aux classes exploit&#233;es. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Pour le pouvoir d&#233;mocratique des travailleurs des villes, des campagnes et des paysans pauvres. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Pour le contr&#244;le de la production, du grand commerce, des terres et des banques par les ouvriers et les paysans pauvres et pour la r&#233;partition &#233;galitaire des biens entre tous. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Pour le (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?rubrique113" rel="directory"&gt;12- Livre Douze : OU EN SONT LES GROUPES REVOLUTIONNAIRES ?&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot119" rel="tag"&gt;Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contre le pouvoir des riches et des poss&#233;dants, quelle que soit l'&#233;tiquette politique du gouvernement qui les repr&#233;sente.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Contre les bandes arm&#233;es l&#233;gales ou ill&#233;gales, toutes hostiles aux classes exploit&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour le pouvoir d&#233;mocratique des travailleurs des villes, des campagnes et des paysans pauvres.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour le contr&#244;le de la production, du grand commerce, des terres et des banques par les ouvriers et les paysans pauvres et pour la r&#233;partition &#233;galitaire des biens entre tous.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour le combat contre l'imp&#233;rialisme par la lutte de classe des prol&#233;taires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour un parti mondial de la r&#233;volution socialiste.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.union-communiste.org/sites/default/files/reviews/vdt-287.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Texte 1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot119&#034;&gt;Textes 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1787&#034;&gt;Texte 3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?breve244&#034;&gt;Texte 4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.union-communiste.org/sites/default/files/reviews/vdt293-2022-05-27.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Texte 5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.union-communiste.org/sites/default/files/reviews/vdt_291.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Texte 6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.union-communiste.org/sites/default/files/reviews/vdt_290_ok.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Texte 7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.union-communiste.org/sites/default/files/reviews/vdt_289_fin.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Texte 8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1996&#034;&gt;Texte 9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?breve355&#034;&gt;Texte 10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Ao&#251;t-Septembre 2022 : R&#233;voltes en Ha&#239;ti contre la vie ch&#232;re, la violence et la dictature</title>
		<link>https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article6933</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article6933</guid>
		<dc:date>2022-09-22T22:05:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Robert Paris</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Manifestation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Ha&#239;ti</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>R&#233;volte</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Lutte des classes- Class struggle</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Ao&#251;t-Septembre 2022 : R&#233;voltes en Ha&#239;ti contre la vie ch&#232;re, la violence et la dictature &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
La col&#232;re des Ha&#239;tiens contre leurs responsables politiques couvait d&#233;j&#224; depuis plusieurs mois, attis&#233;e par l'ins&#233;curit&#233;, la hausse du co&#251;t de la vie et les p&#233;nuries de carburant. Mais les manifestations r&#233;currentes &#8211; et fr&#233;quemment &#233;maill&#233;es de violence &#8211; ont pris une ampleur in&#233;dite, mercredi 14 septembre, &#224; Port-au-Prince et dans plusieurs grandes villes ha&#239;tiennes, au point de paralyser le pays. En (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?rubrique99" rel="directory"&gt;08- Livre Huit : ACTUALITE DE LA LUTTE DES CLASSES&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot95" rel="tag"&gt;Manifestation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot119" rel="tag"&gt;Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot139" rel="tag"&gt;R&#233;volte&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot295" rel="tag"&gt;Lutte des classes- Class struggle&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_16643 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://www.matierevolution.fr/IMG/jpg/631a317071267_ap22250784234799.jpg' width=&#034;600&#034; height=&#034;400&#034; alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Ao&#251;t-Septembre 2022 : R&#233;voltes en Ha&#239;ti contre la vie ch&#232;re, la violence et la dictature&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La col&#232;re des Ha&#239;tiens contre leurs responsables politiques couvait d&#233;j&#224; depuis plusieurs mois, attis&#233;e par l'ins&#233;curit&#233;, la hausse du co&#251;t de la vie et les p&#233;nuries de carburant. Mais les manifestations r&#233;currentes &#8211; et fr&#233;quemment &#233;maill&#233;es de violence &#8211; ont pris une ampleur in&#233;dite, mercredi 14 septembre, &#224; Port-au-Prince et dans plusieurs grandes villes ha&#239;tiennes, au point de paralyser le pays. En cause, une augmentation du prix des produits p&#233;troliers, entr&#233;e en vigueur le jour m&#234;me, malgr&#233; le toll&#233; provoqu&#233; par l'annonce de cette mesure, dimanche, par le premier ministre, Ariel Henry. Apr&#232;s l'application de ces nouveaux tarifs, les manifestations monstres de mercredi ont tourn&#233; &#224; l'&#233;meute &#224; Port-au-Prince, avec des routes barr&#233;es par des barricades et de nombreuses sc&#232;nes de pillage. Dans la banlieue ais&#233;e de P&#233;tion-Ville, la maison du leader d'opposition Andr&#233; Michel a &#233;t&#233; attaqu&#233;e par une foule de manifestants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/haiti-confronte-a-un-nombre-croissant-de-manifestations-1319580.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/haiti-confronte-a-un-nombre-croissant-de-manifestations-1319580.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28611&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28611&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28614&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28614&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28591&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28591&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://berthoalain.com/2022/09/17/vie-chere-pillage-aux-gonaives-16-septembre-2022/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://berthoalain.com/2022/09/17/vie-chere-pillage-aux-gonaives-16-septembre-2022/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://berthoalain.com/2022/09/16/vie-chere-attaque-de-la-television-a-port-au-prince-15-septembre-2022/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://berthoalain.com/2022/09/16/vie-chere-attaque-de-la-television-a-port-au-prince-15-septembre-2022/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://berthoalain.com/2022/09/10/vie-chere-affrontements-aux-cayes-9-septembre-2022/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://berthoalain.com/2022/09/10/vie-chere-affrontements-aux-cayes-9-septembre-2022/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://berthoalain.com/2022/09/08/vie-chere-emeute-a-jeremie-7-septembre-2022/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://berthoalain.com/2022/09/08/vie-chere-emeute-a-jeremie-7-septembre-2022/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://berthoalain.com/2022/08/31/depart-de-sadr-affrontements-a-bagdad-30-aout-2022-2/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://berthoalain.com/2022/08/31/depart-de-sadr-affrontements-a-bagdad-30-aout-2022-2/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://berthoalain.com/2022/08/23/vie-chere-affrontements-a-port-au-prince-22-aout-2022/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://berthoalain.com/2022/08/23/vie-chere-affrontements-a-port-au-prince-22-aout-2022/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://fcnhaiti.com/haiti-mobilisation-le-vent-de-la-revolte-souffle-dans-plusieurs-points-de-la-capitale-et-des-villes-de-province/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://fcnhaiti.com/haiti-mobilisation-le-vent-de-la-revolte-souffle-dans-plusieurs-points-de-la-capitale-et-des-villes-de-province/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28534&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28534&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28584&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28584&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28610&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28610&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28597&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28597&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://lenouvelliste.com/article/238170/revolte-populaire-et-paralysie-des-activites-en-haiti-a-loccasion-de-la-journee-internationale-de-la-democratie&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://lenouvelliste.com/article/238170/revolte-populaire-et-paralysie-des-activites-en-haiti-a-loccasion-de-la-journee-internationale-de-la-democratie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.haitilibre.com/article-37641-haiti-manifestations-la-revolte-gronde-au-moins-2-morts-et-plusieurs-blesses.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.haitilibre.com/article-37641-haiti-manifestations-la-revolte-gronde-au-moins-2-morts-et-plusieurs-blesses.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.haitilibre.com/article-37465-haiti-flash-la-population-proche-de-la-revolte-au-moins-2-morts-et-plusieurs-blesses-au-pays-video.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.haitilibre.com/article-37465-haiti-flash-la-population-proche-de-la-revolte-au-moins-2-morts-et-plusieurs-blesses-au-pays-video.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Bibliographie des romanciers ha&#239;tiens</title>
		<link>https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article5516</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article5516</guid>
		<dc:date>2021-07-14T22:05:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Robert Paris</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Ha&#239;ti</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Lire aussi : &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Po&#233;sie engag&#233;e d'Ha&#239;ti &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Bug-Jargal, le roman de Victor Hugo sur la r&#233;volution des esclaves noirs d'Ha&#239;ti &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Romanciers ha&#239;tiens &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Vous remarquerez que, par-ci par-l&#224;, on a gliss&#233; dans cette liste quelques romanciers dominicains. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#201;meric Bergeaud, Stella &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Jacques Stephen Alexis, Du r&#233;alisme merveilleux des Ha&#239;tiens &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Jacques Stephen Alexis, Comp&#232;re G&#233;n&#233;ral Soleil &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Jacques Stephen Alexis, L'Espace d'un cillement &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Jacques Stephen Alexis, Romancero aux &#233;toiles &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Jacques (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?rubrique89" rel="directory"&gt;15 - BIBLIOGRAPHIE&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot119" rel="tag"&gt;Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lire aussi :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article1783&#034;&gt;Po&#233;sie engag&#233;e d'Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article5195&#034;&gt;Bug-Jargal, le roman de Victor Hugo sur la r&#233;volution des esclaves noirs d'Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Romanciers ha&#239;tiens&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Vous remarquerez que, par-ci par-l&#224;, on a gliss&#233; dans cette liste quelques romanciers dominicains.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.dloc.com/UF00089373/00001/3j&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#201;meric Bergeaud, Stella&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Alexis_Jacques_Stephen/Du_realisme_merveilleux_Haitiens/Du_realisme_merveilleux_Haitiens.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Jacques Stephen Alexis, Du r&#233;alisme merveilleux des Ha&#239;tiens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jacques Stephen Alexis, Comp&#232;re G&#233;n&#233;ral Soleil&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jacques Stephen Alexis, L'Espace d'un cillement&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jacques Stephen Alexis, Romancero aux &#233;toiles&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jacques Stephen Alexis, L'&#233;toile Absinthe&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jacques Stephen Alexis, Les arbres musiciens&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Georges Anglade, Les blancs de m&#233;moire : lodyans&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Georges Anglade, Ce pays qui m'habite&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Georges Anglade, Rire ha&#239;tien&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Georges Anglade, Leurs jupons d&#233;passent&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;St&#233;phen Mesmin Alexis, Le N&#232;gre masqu&#233;, tranche de vie ha&#239;tienne&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;St&#233;phen Mesmin Alexis, &#192; la source des d&#233;lices&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Frantz Dominique Batraville, L'Ouverture&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Frantz Dominique Batraville, P&#242;tre van s&#232;volan&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Frantz Dominique Batraville, L'Archipel des hommes sans os&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Frantz Dominique Batraville, L'Ange de charbon&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Frantz Dominique Batraville, Kodvokal&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gregorio Billini, Engracia y Antonietta&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=UXpMDAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=romans+d%27ha%C3%AFti&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjVq7Hl0dTkAhUBx4UKHYivC6AQ6AEIRDAE#v=onepage&amp;q=romans%20d'ha%C3%AFti&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Mario Blaise, Les larmes d'Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Juan Bosch, La ma&#241;osa&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Juan Bosch, Hostos el sembrador&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Juan Bosch, Camino real&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Fernand Brierre, Les Horizons sans ciel.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Fernand Brierre, Province&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Manuel del Cabral, Pilon&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Manuel del Cabral, Tropico negro&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Manuel del Cabral, Pedrada planeteria&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aida Cartagena, La voz desatada&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arturo Pellerano Castro, Criollas&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Hilma Centreros, El ojo de Dios&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Baptiste Cin&#233;as, Le Drame de la Terre&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Baptiste Cin&#233;as, La Vengeance de la Terre&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Baptiste Cin&#233;as, L'H&#233;ritage Sacr&#233;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Baptiste Cin&#233;as, Le Choc en Retour&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Louis-Philippe Dalembert, Le crayon du bon Dieu n'a pas de gomme&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Louis-Philippe Dalembert, L'autre face de la mer&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Louis-Philippe Dalembert, L'&#206;le du bout des r&#234;ves&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Louis-Philippe Dalembert, Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=H4xFDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Louis-Philippe+Dalembert%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjCv5LF19TkAhVm1-AKHaZtBZMQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Louis-Philippe Dalembert, Les dieux voyagent la nuit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=0lmbOfi2HgsC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Louis-Philippe+Dalembert%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjCv5LF19TkAhVm1-AKHaZtBZMQ6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Louis-Philippe Dalembert, Noires blessures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=YYwYAAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Louis-Philippe+Dalembert%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjCv5LF19TkAhVm1-AKHaZtBZMQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Louis-Philippe Dalembert, Ballade d'un amour inachev&#233;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Louis-Philippe Dalembert, Avant que les ombres s'effacent&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Louis-Philippe Dalembert, Epi oun jou konsa t&#232;t Past&#232; Bab pati&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=3LPxCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Ren%C3%A9+Depestre,+Hadriana+dans+tous+mes+r%C3%AAves&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwipnbv_19TkAhVUD2MBHYFID1oQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&amp;q=Ren%C3%A9%20Depestre%2C%20Hadriana%20dans%20tous%20mes%20r%C3%AAves&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Ren&#233; Depestre, Hadriana dans tous mes r&#234;ves&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=1vtXDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=ren%C3%A9+despestre+le+m%C3%A9tier+%C3%A0+m%C3%A9tisser&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiB08ud4tTkAhXKzoUKHQyOBBcQ6AEILTAA#v=onepage&amp;q=ren%C3%A9%20despestre%20le%20m%C3%A9tier%20%C3%A0%20m%C3%A9tisser&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Ren&#233; Despestre, Le m&#233;tier &#224; m&#233;tisser&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=KO5sCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Ren%C3%A9+Depestre%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiRs8a04tTkAhUCfBoKHQIYDOcQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Ren&#233; Despestre, Popa Singer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=AbTxCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Ren%C3%A9+DEPESTRE%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjN_4H34tTkAhVPCxoKHUp6Bzg4ChDoAQgqMAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Ren&#233; Despestre, All&#233;luia pour une femme-jardin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=7VzzCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Ren%C3%A9+DEPESTRE%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjN_4H34tTkAhVPCxoKHUp6Bzg4ChDoAQgxMAE#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Ren&#233; Despestre, Le m&#226;t de cocagne&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=V4n6CwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Ren%C3%A9+DEPESTRE%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwixtcbS4tTkAhUjxoUKHasrAG8Q6AEIaDAJ#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Ren&#233; Despestre, Eros dans un train chinois&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Roger H&#233;nec Dorsinville, Kimby, ou, La loi de Niang&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Roger H&#233;nec Dorsinville, Un Homme en trois morceaux&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Roger H&#233;nec Dorsinville, Rena&#238;tre &#224; Dend&#233;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Roger H&#233;nec Dorsinville, Ils ont tu&#233; le vieux blanc&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Roger H&#233;nec Dorsinville, Accords perdus&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=h5QGvOArZLoC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Roger+Dorsinville%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiu0O6e2NTkAhU9DmMBHdHRBUgQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Roger H&#233;nec Dorsinville, L'homme derri&#232;re l'arbre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Roger H&#233;nec Dorsinville, Les V&#232;v&#232;s du Cr&#233;ateur&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Claude Fignol&#233;, Les Poss&#233;d&#233;s de la pleine lune&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Claude Fignol&#233;, Aube tranquille&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Claude Fignol&#233;, Hofuku&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Claude Fignol&#233;, Le Voleur de vent&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=ZHIUCgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Jean-Claude+Fignol%C3%A9%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi9nLq-2NTkAhXB6eAKHTy2BMwQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Jean-Claude Fignol&#233;, Nouvelles d'Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Franck &#201;tienne d'Argent, D&#233;zaft&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Manuel J&#233;sus Galv&#224;n, Enriquillo&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fernando Garcia Godoy, Rufinito&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=545CDAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Fernand+Hibbert,+S%C3%A9na&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwimj9X-2NTkAhUG0uAKHRuZD2wQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Fernand%20Hibbert%2C%20S%C3%A9na&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Pierre Fernand Hibbert, S&#233;na&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/LAM17009&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Pierre Fernand Hibbert, Romulus, Sc&#232;nes de la vie ha&#239;tienne&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pierre Fernand Hibbert, Les Simulacres&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=64MaCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Fernand+Hibbert%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwifpcGM2dTkAhVOAGMBHSiWB74Q6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Pierre Fernand Hibbert, Le manuscrit de mon ami&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=5ngbCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Fernand+Hibbert%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwifpcGM2dTkAhVOAGMBHSiWB74Q6AEIRjAE#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Pierre Fernand Hibbert, Les Thazar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=jokaCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Louis-Joseph+Janvier,+Le+Vieux+Piquet&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjzqpDD2dTkAhXVD2MBHTcHCpAQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Louis-Joseph%20Janvier%2C%20Le%20Vieux%20Piquet&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Louis-Joseph Janvier, Le Vieux Piquet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Louis-Joseph Janvier, Une Chercheuse&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=GjodCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Louis-Joseph+Janvier%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjSgbLN2dTkAhUxDmMBHUonARkQ6AEIPjAD#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Louis-Joseph Janvier, Ha&#239;ti aux Ha&#239;tiens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gary Klang, L'adolescent qui regardait passer la vie&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gary Klang, Le massacre de J&#233;r&#233;mie&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gary Klang, Un homme seul est toujours en mauvaise compagnie&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=pE9O-aRLIU0C&amp;pg=PT83&amp;dq=Gary+Klang,&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjEur3z2dTkAhWNA2MBHbV-B0AQ6AEITzAG#v=onepage&amp;q=Gary%20Klang%2C&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Garry Klang&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dany Laferri&#232;re, L'&#233;nigne du retour&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Edmond Laforest, La Rage de rimer&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Edmond Laforest, Ch&#232;re adopt&#233;e&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Edmond Laforest, L'engrenage&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Edmond Laforest, Les deux fables&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Yanick Lahens, La couleur de l'aube&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=J6jSDQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Yanick+Lahens,+La+couleur+de+l%27aube&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi269-p2tTkAhUcBGMBHfa3BaAQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&amp;q=Yanick%20Lahens%2C%20La%20couleur%20de%20l'aube&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Yanick Lahens, Bain de lune&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Josaphat-Robert Large, Les Sentiers de l'enfer&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Josaphat-Robert Large, Les R&#233;coltes de la folie&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Josaphat-Robert Large, Les Terres entour&#233;es de larmes&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Josaphat-Robert Large, Partir sur un coursier de nuages&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Josaphat-Robert Large, Rete ! Kote Lam&#232;si&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Josaphat-Robert Large, Mississippi Blues&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=F6hlYs_aZHYC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Josaphat-Robert+Large&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi09sS92tTkAhVy5eAKHdcvAtIQ6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Josaphat-Robert Large, Les sentiers de l'enfer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=8_EdZDRXQI8C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Josaphat-Robert+Large&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi09sS92tTkAhVy5eAKHdcvAtIQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&amp;q=Josaphat-Robert%20Large&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Josaphat-Robert Large, Les terres entour&#233;es de larmes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=BIDJ9gxT26EC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Josaphat-Robert+Large&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi09sS92tTkAhVy5eAKHdcvAtIQ6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&amp;q=Josaphat-Robert%20Large&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Josaphat-Robert Large, Les r&#233;coltes de la folie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=yxkHlfsHQxYC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Josaphat-Robert+Large&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi09sS92tTkAhVy5eAKHdcvAtIQ6AEIRzAE#v=onepage&amp;q=Josaphat-Robert%20Large&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Josaphat-Robert Large, Partir sur un coursier de nuages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Robert L&#233;onidas, Les Camp&#234;ches de Versailles&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Robert L&#233;onidas, A chacun son big-bang&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean-Robert L&#233;onidas, Retour &#224; Gyg&#232;s&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Anthony Lesp&#232;s, Les Semences de la col&#232;re&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Anthony Lesp&#232;s, La voie trac&#233;e par Jacques Roumain&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Marino Veloz Maggiolo, El profugo&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=K7deDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Kettly+Mars,+Fado&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj74pO7ztTkAhUFYxoKHXfCCzEQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Kettly%20Mars%2C%20Fado&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Kettly Mars, Fado&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=oMqBDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Jean+M%C3%A9tellus%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiX6fzPztTkAhXHz4UKHReoD6YQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Jean M&#233;tellus, Voyance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean M&#233;tellus, Jacmel au cr&#233;puscule&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean M&#233;tellus, La Famille Vortex&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean M&#233;tellus, Louis Vortex&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean M&#233;tellus, L'Ann&#233;e Dessalines&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean M&#233;tellus, Une Eau-forte&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jean M&#233;tellus, Toussaint Louverture le pr&#233;curseur&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3324107b.r=Jacques%20Stephen%20Alexis%20ha%C3%AFti?rk=21459;2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Charles Najman, Dieu seul me voit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6140191q.r=roman%20ha%C3%AFti%20Comp%C3%A8re%20G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20Soleil?rk=236052;4&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Stanislas Nayser, Les flibustiers de la tortue et la France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Antony Phelps, Moins l'infini&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Antony Phelps, Mon pays que voici&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ren&#233; Philoct&#232;te, Le Huiti&#232;me Jour&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ren&#233; Philoct&#232;te, Le Peuple des terres m&#234;l&#233;es&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ren&#233; Philoct&#232;te, Une saison de cigales&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ren&#233; Philoct&#232;te, Entre les Saints des Saints&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Guy R&#233;gis Jr, Le Troph&#233;e des capitaux&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=e7ocCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Jacques+Stephen+Alexis+++Comp%C3%A8re+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Soleil&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjShaTZgtPkAhUMaBoKHaXACmwQ6AEISzAF#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Jacques Roumain, Gouverneurs de la ros&#233;e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=_YkaCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Jacques+Roumain%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjblo-Ag9PkAhUS-YUKHX0-AlUQ6AEIPjAD#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;En anglais&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIsaCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Jacques+Roumain%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjblo-Ag9PkAhUS-YUKHX0-AlUQ6AEINzAC#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Jacques Roumain, Les fantoches&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=_YkaCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Jacques+Roumain%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjblo-Ag9PkAhUS-YUKHX0-AlUQ6AEIPjAD#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Jacques Roumain, La montagne ensorcel&#233;e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Philippe Thoby-Marcelin, Canap&#233; Vert&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Philippe Thoby-Marcelin, Tous les Hommes sont Fous&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lyonel Trouillot, Rue des pas perdus&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lyonel Trouillot, Th&#233;r&#232;se en mille morceaux&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lyonel Trouillot, Les Enfants des h&#233;ros&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lyonel Trouillot, Bicentenaire&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lyonel Trouillot, L'Amour avant que j'oublie&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lyonel Trouillot, Objectif : l'autre&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lyonel Trouillot, Parabole du failli&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lyonel Trouillot, Ne m'appelle pas Capitaine&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lyonel Trouillot, Kannjawou&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gary Victor, Clair de Manbo&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Marvin Victor, Corps m&#234;l&#233;s&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Marie Vieux-Chauvet, Les Rapaces&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Etzer Vilaire, Thanathophobe&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lire aussi :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.petitspointscardinaux.net/IMG/pdf/Le_voyage_vers_la_lune.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Michel S&#233;onnet, Jacques-Stephen Alexis ou Le voyage vers la lune de la belle amour humaine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=mhzknkFwuJAC&amp;pg=PA105&amp;dq=Jacques+Stephen+Alexis,+Les+arbres+musiciens&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjpvPu5jdPkAhWFxYUKHTmeAoIQ6AEITDAG#v=onepage&amp;q=Jacques%20Stephen%20Alexis%2C%20Les%20arbres%20musiciens&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Le peuple assi&#233;g&#233;, Carol F. Coates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=y7gvOwA8TqQC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=Juan+Bosch,+La+manosa&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi90t3t0NTkAhUBJhoKHXgqDFwQ6AEIYTAH#v=onepage&amp;q=Juan%20Bosch%2C%20La%20manosa&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Las mejores novelas dominicanas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=oRvrq9NXJsMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=m%C3%A9nard+%C3%A9crits+d%27ha%C3%AEti&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj8hv2-0dTkAhVGbBoKHfbECNIQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=m%C3%A9nard%20%C3%A9crits%20d'ha%C3%AEti&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Nad&#232;ve M&#233;nard, Ecrits d'Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://books.google.fr/books?id=V6mrDgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=romans+d%27ha%C3%AFti&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjVq7Hl0dTkAhUBx4UKHYivC6AQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=romans%20d'ha%C3%AFti&amp;f=false&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Marc Menant, Le petit roman d'Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Stephen_Alexis&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Jacques Stephen Alexis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Roumain&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Jacques Roumain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Et un roman violemment hostile &#224; la r&#233;volution ha&#239;tienne :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;J. Berlioz d'Auriac, La guerre noire&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Haiti 2008 : The Forgotten Occupation </title>
		<link>https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article5709</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article5709</guid>
		<dc:date>2020-01-09T05:53:34Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Robert Paris</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>R&#233;volution</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Ha&#239;ti</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Haiti 2008 : The Forgotten Occupation &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Emmanuel Santos explains why an extended UN presence has only meant more suffering for the people of Haiti. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
MORE THAN 9,000 military and civilian personnel from the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH, by its French initials) will remain in the country until October 2009, following the UN Security Council's unanimous vote on October 15 to extend its mandate. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
MINUSTAH troops have occupied Haiti since 2004 when a U.S.-backed coup (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?rubrique88" rel="directory"&gt;20- ENGLISH - MATERIAL AND REVOLUTION&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot45" rel="tag"&gt;R&#233;volution&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot119" rel="tag"&gt;Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Haiti 2008 : The Forgotten Occupation }}}&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Emmanuel Santos explains why an extended UN presence has only meant more suffering for the people of Haiti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;MORE THAN 9,000 military and civilian personnel from the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH, by its French initials) will remain in the country until October 2009, following the UN Security Council's unanimous vote on October 15 to extend its mandate.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;MINUSTAH troops have occupied Haiti since 2004 when a U.S.-backed coup overthrew democratically elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The brutal Brazilian-led UN military occupation has resulted in the death, imprisonment or disappearance of thousands of Aristide supporters. Human rights organizations and the independent media have reported sexual assaults committed against women and children.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Brazilian leaders hope that their country's role in the occupation will lead to a future seat in the UN Security Council, where it can play a bigger political role as the region's emerging power. Other South American countries that help maintain the occupation in Haiti include Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Colombia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On October 31, Bolivia sent a contingent of 200 troops. Israel, the main U.S. ally in the Middle East, has played a role in maintaining the occupation by flying in Jordanian troops. The U.S. also has military and civilian personnel on the ground.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The vote to extend the UN mandate came after warnings from the top UN envoy in Haiti, Hedi Annabi, who, according to Reuters, said that ignoring the plight of the Caribbean country and leaving its population hungry and angry could lead to a new wave of social unrest&#8212;an allusion to popular protests over rising food prices in April that ousted former Prime Minister Jacques-&#201;douard Alexis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But UN concerns about political stability in Haiti are only a justification for the ongoing presence of a 9,000-strong &#8220;peacekeeping&#8221; military force that keeps the popular movement in check by targeting left-wing activists and criminalizing the poor. In fact, Brazilian military forces are carrying out counterinsurgency operations in Haiti similar to those used in Brazil to repress the poor in the favelas and activists from the Landless Peasants Movement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;MINUSTAH troops conduct raids in the poorest neighborhoods under the pretext of disarming criminal gangs. But those so-called &#8220;gangs&#8221; are ordinary Haitians who are being punished by the U.S. and its allies for daring to oppose the occupation. Thus, disarming criminal gangs serves to justify UN military presence there. Already, several massacres have been committed since its arrival.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, the Bush administration and its allies continue to spread anti-Aristide propaganda to deflect criticism by human rights organizations that accuse MINUSTAH of systematic human rights violations. Even Haitian-American singer Wyclef Jean justifies the UN occupation by propagating the idea that it is fighting against dangerous gangs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 2004, Jean supported the coup against Aristide. Jean was also executive producer of Ghost of Cit&#233; Soleil, a propaganda film that portrays Aristide supporters as ruthless gangsters. Jean's role in demonizing Aristide and his supporters legitimized the UN occupation in the eyes of some Hollywood progressives and others.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But local and international NGOs also played a role in legitimizing the occupation on the grounds that it would bring order by disarming streets gangs&#8212;in particular, Canadian NGOs, which led the charge against Aristide in the days leading to the February 2004 coup that ousted him.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Canada's involvement in Haiti is part of a commitment to serve U.S. interests, just as it has in Iraq and Afghanistan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A COMBATIVE grassroots movement exploded in April changing the political landscape in Haiti and weakening both President Ren&#233; Pr&#233;val and his Lespwa (Hope) Party. Pr&#233;val's coalition was suffering, as some of the 22 National Assembly members from Lespwa joined Concertation des Parlementaires Progressistes (CPP, Coalition of Progressive Parliamentarians), a new legislative bloc that rejects neoliberal policies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;After the senate rejected two of Pr&#233;val's candidates for prime minister, the government was paralyzed for four months. The impasse ended in July, when the senate confirmed Mich&#232;le Pierre-Louis as prime minister. Pierre-Louis is the founder of FOKAL, an NGO funded by financial speculator George Soros.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But the confirmation of Pierre-Louis didn't represent a departure from politics as usual in Haiti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In November, Pierre-Louis was criticized by Haitian labor activists after she made a visit to the Dominican Republic to attend a small economic summit, but didn't extend her visit to meet with Haitian immigrants after several immigrants were killed in a wave of racist attacks the month before.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, discontent is mounting against the UN occupation and the Pr&#233;val/Pierre-Louis government for failing to deliver on any of its 2006 election campaign promises.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To mark the four-year anniversary of the UN occupation, protests were held in several countries on the eve of Brazilian President Luis In&#225;cio Lula da Silva's visit to Haiti on May 28. Solidarity activists in Brazil, Mexico and the U.S. marched to demand the immediate withdrawal of MINUSTAH from Haiti. The biggest demonstrations took place in Brazil, where labor and left-wing activists marched in several cities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The occupation of Haiti is unpopular among Brazilians. Over the past four years, Brazil has spent more than 464 million Reals ($290 million) on the occupation, a major sum for a country where more than 40 million people live below the poverty line.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, the movement against the high cost of living continues in Haiti. On August 25, several hundred people gathered in La Savane, a poor area in the town of Les Cayes, to demand lower food and gas prices. A rapid response by MINUSTAH forces and Haitian police dispersed the crowd with tear gas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On October 14, several hundred people gathered in front of the Commerce and Industry Ministry to protest the high cost of living and call for an end to the MINUSTAH occupation. The protest was organized by Soleil in Action Coalition, known as Aba Satan (Down with Satan)&#8212;a key player in the events leading to the April rebellion. It plans similar actions in the future.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Lavalas activists and supporters are holding weekly vigils for activists who have been jailed and disappeared since the February coup.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;During Lula's visit, Haitian police from the elite CIMO unit brutally dispersed a vigil of protesters demanding a prompt investigation into the disappearance of human rights activist Lovinsky Pierre-Antoine. Pierre-Antoine disappeared in 2007 after attending a meeting with human rights activists from Canada and the U.S.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Haitian activists, along with international supporters, have in the past organized successful campaigns to free human rights activists, Lavalas leaders and former Aristide collaborators. In July 2006, former Prime Minister Yvon Neptune was released after spending two years in jail. In August 2006, Annette Auguste, a folk singer and activist popularly known as So Anne, was also released.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Presently, a local and international campaign is underway to free Ronald Dauphin, an Aristide supporter arrested by right-wing paramilitaries during the 2004 coup. Five years later, he has yet to be convicted for any crime.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DESPITE THE repression carried out by MINUSTAH, Haitian National Police and right-wing death squads since 2004, ordinary people continue the fight to return the democratically elected president from his forced exile in South Africa.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While it's true that Aristide implemented neoliberal policies, he remains popular among the majority of Haitians. Four years after the coup, Fanmi Lavalas (FL or Lavalas), the center-left populist party founded by Aristide 12 years ago, is still a mass political organization. Although it is split into two different wings internally, its grassroots supporters are united in confronting the UN occupation by organizing nationwide demonstrations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is a testament to the determination of ordinary Haitians, who also face one of the worst humanitarian catastrophes on the planet after four hurricanes struck the country in less than two months. Soon after, the agricultural sector collapsed, depriving workers and peasants of one of their main sources of income in a country where the unemployment rate is 80 percent.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But the destructive effects of nature could have been avoided had there been more investment on infrastructure, health care and food subsidies. Haiti is more vulnerable today because the occupation has rolled back many of its democratic freedoms. During the coup, schools and hospitals were destroyed by right-wing paramilitaries, as they entered the country from neighboring Dominican Republic, where they received training and arms from the Dominican government and the U.S.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The government's response to the crisis hasn't been enough&#8212;largely due to Haiti's dependence on outside powers. In the agriculture department, for instance, some 800 NGOs control part of the budget, undermining the state's ability to deal with the crisis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And even though Haiti is facing a crisis of indescribable proportions, it hasn't stopped paying back its foreign debt. As of this writing, Haiti's payments amount to $1 million a week. Activists worldwide are pressing the World Bank to forgive Haiti's $1.7 billion foreign debt, but so far, it has refused.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;PRIOR TO the recent devastation, independent journalists revealed a plan to demolish Cit&#233; Soleil, a poor neighborhood in Port-au-Prince, to extend the UN military base. The U.S. is funding the base extension. Haiti Libert&#233; reporter Kim Ives explains the importance of this military base for the U.S.:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;First, as Port-au-Prince's largest, poorest and most pro-Aristide slum, it has been a hotbed of anti-occupation resistance for the past four years. Although most of the popular organizations carrying out armed struggle were dismantled in early 2007, unrest still continues there, particularly with Haiti's (and the capitalist world's) worsening economic crisis. Hence, military domination of this important northern flank of Haiti's capital is critical.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As in the past, the military occupation of Haiti is part of a larger plan to keep the region under U.S. dominion. Haiti shares the Windward Passage with Cuba, a strait that has great importance for the U.S., and the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the early 1990s, Haiti's election of Aristide under a populist platform gave hope to millions of people at a time when most governments in the region were implementing neoliberal policies. A series of U.S.-backed regimes and interventions to derail the movement for change followed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The 2004 coup against Aristide and the subsequent military occupation legitimized the Bush administration's &#8220;regime change&#8221; doctrine in the region, making Venezuela and Bolivia future targets of U.S. intervention.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Solidarity with the Haitian people should be part of a broader anti-imperialism that calls for an end to the wars in Afghanistan, Iraq and Palestine as well as an immediate withdrawal of the UN from Haiti and elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At the same time, activists must point out Aristide's role in accepting neoliberal policies that impoverished the poor, while supporting ordinary people's struggles to return him to complete his term. Demanding immediate cancellation of Haiti's foreign debt is also important, because it could free up needed resources to feed people.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the long term, however, it will take the unity of workers and peasants in the entire region to free Haiti from the yoke of foreign intervention and exploitation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Ha&#239;ti, terre rouge</title>
		<link>https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article5447</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article5447</guid>
		<dc:date>2019-12-14T23:05:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Robert Paris</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Ha&#239;ti</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;C'est avec plaisir que nous vous communiquons cet &#233;crit, dans lequel les vrais noms sont bien s&#251;r cach&#233;s, rapportant la vie dans l'&#238;le de la r&#233;volte des esclaves et o&#249; la r&#233;volte est loin d'&#234;tre &#233;teinte. Nous vous communiquerons au fur et &#224; mesure la suite, r&#233;elle, anticip&#233;e ou romanc&#233;e de cette histoire&#8230; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Ha&#239;ti, terre rouge &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
ou &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Kouve you z&#232; istorik &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
(Ce qui couve l&#224; sera historique) &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Courrier du 18/08/2012 adress&#233; par Anatole du camp de tentes Saint-Louis Gonzague de Port-au-Prince (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;C'est avec plaisir que nous vous communiquons cet &#233;crit, dans lequel les vrais noms sont bien s&#251;r cach&#233;s, rapportant la vie dans l'&#238;le de la r&#233;volte des esclaves et o&#249; la r&#233;volte est loin d'&#234;tre &#233;teinte. Nous vous communiquerons au fur et &#224; mesure la suite, r&#233;elle, anticip&#233;e ou romanc&#233;e de cette histoire&#8230;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_13287 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://www.matierevolution.fr/IMG/jpg/33711555.jpg' width=&#034;640&#034; height=&#034;425&#034; alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://www.matierevolution.fr/IMG/jpg/875471-violent-tremblement-terre-2010-avait.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://www.matierevolution.fr/IMG/jpg/875471-violent-tremblement-terre-2010-avait.jpg' width=&#034;923&#034; height=&#034;615&#034; alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Ha&#239;ti, terre rouge
&lt;p&gt;ou&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kouve you z&#232; istorik&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(Ce qui couve l&#224; sera historique)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Courrier du 18/08/2012 adress&#233; par Anatole du camp de tentes Saint-Louis Gonzague de Port-au-Prince (capitale d'Ha&#239;ti) &#224; Achille &#233;migr&#233; &#224; Fort de France (Martinique)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cher Achille,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je choisis de t'&#233;crire longuement aujourd'hui car j'aimerais ainsi que ce qui a fait notre vie de ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es en Ha&#239;ti ne soit pas perdu dans les m&#233;moires. Et j'ai de bonnes raisons de penser qu'il serait facile, d'un moment &#224; l'autre, que des forces occultes choisissent de m'&#233;liminer, ayant rep&#233;r&#233; que, malgr&#233; mes airs innocents, j'&#233;tais un des participants de la mobilisation des plus opprim&#233;s de Port-au-Prince et un contact avec les provinces d'Ha&#239;ti. Une &#233;pine dans le pied du pouvoir en somme et un adversaire d&#233;clar&#233; des classes dirigeantes locales comme des forces d'occupation internationales qui sont toujours pr&#233;sentes alors qu'elles pr&#233;tendaient n'intervenir que dans l'urgence du s&#233;isme qui a frapp&#233; Ha&#239;ti le 12 janvier 2010. Tu te rends compte : plus de deux ans d&#233;j&#224; et toujours rien de s&#233;rieux n'a &#233;t&#233; fait pour aider la population !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je ne voudrais pas que notre histoire disparaisse dans un mitraillage, chose tellement courante ici que personne ne cherchera pourquoi notre &#238;le aurait perdu un inconnu, mis&#233;rable en surplus et habitant un camp de tentes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nous avons souvent correspondu de loin en loin et tu connais nos malheurs. Alors que la date du s&#233;isme s'&#233;loigne lentement, nous en sommes toujours &#224; dormir dehors sans un v&#233;ritable toit sur nos t&#234;tes, et, alors que nos maisons se sont effondr&#233;es il y a de nombreux mois et ann&#233;es, lors du fameux tremblement de terre qui a frapp&#233; l'&#238;le et particuli&#232;rement la capitale, Port-au-Prince, rien n'indique que nous allons enfin trouver un toit sur nos t&#234;tes dans des jours, des mois ou des ann&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Comment la solidarit&#233; b&#226;tit un camp de fortune&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je vais commencer par te rapporter la matin&#233;e d'hier afin que tu mesures l'ambiance chez nous, au camp Saint-Louis Gonzague dans la capitale. Tu n'as pas vu nos camps de tentes, dans l'&#233;migration o&#249; tu vis, et il est peut-&#234;tre difficile pour toi d'imaginer le camp o&#249; nous vivons. Ce n'est pas du tout pareil que les bidonvilles que tu avais connus avant ton d&#233;part. En effet, ces camps ont &#233;t&#233; mis en place par les habitants eux-m&#234;mes, sont des produits de la solidarit&#233; et du travail des habitants qui recherchaient un moyen de survivre apr&#232;s les disparitions de maisons et ne voulaient plus rentrer dans des maisons d&#233;labr&#233;es qui mena&#231;aient de s'effondrer &#224; tout moment. Tout le monde a mis la main &#224; la p&#226;te pour les construire et ces camps de tentes se sont constitu&#233;s sans aucune aide des pouvoirs publics ni des forces occupantes. Ce qui fait que ces camps, pour mis&#233;rables qu'ils soient, et plus encore pour ceux qui auparavant avaient comme moi une v&#233;ritable maison, sont vraiment les n&#244;tres. Les relations que nous y avons, nous les avons &#233;galement construites laborieusement. Nous avons constitu&#233; des comit&#233;s de contr&#244;le, de s&#233;curit&#233;. Nous avons institu&#233; nos r&#232;gles int&#233;rieures et nos services d'hygi&#232;ne et de nettoyage. Personne n'&#233;tait l&#224; pour nous dire ce qu'il fallait faire et toutes les comp&#233;tences se sont propos&#233;es pour r&#233;soudre des milliers de probl&#232;mes pratiques et organisationnels apparemment insolubles. Il a fallu trouver les terrains, les d&#233;blayer, les nettoyer, les installer et les partager. Rien n'a &#233;t&#233; &#233;vident et il en est sorti une solidarit&#233; de camp en un moment o&#249; chacun &#233;tait livr&#233; &#224; ses pens&#233;es, &#224; sa tristesse, &#224; la mort de ses proches, &#224; l'effondrement de son monde. Tu ne peux pas imaginer, du coup, combien la reconstitution d'un petit univers un tout petit peu prot&#233;g&#233; nous est apparu comme extraordinaire, combien nous avons &#233;t&#233; fiers de notre r&#233;alisation et combien elle nous a sembl&#233; prouver que l'avenir n'&#233;tait pas forc&#233;ment sombre. Combien aussi nous avons &#233;t&#233; ulc&#233;r&#233;s d'apprendre que le pouvoir, &#224; peine sorti de sa l&#233;thargie silencieuse des jours qui avaient suivi le tremblement de terre, n'a eu de cesse que de nous faire d&#233;guerpir sous tous les pr&#233;textes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A peine des autorit&#233;s ont-elles &#233;t&#233; reconstitu&#233;es apr&#232;s l'effondrement politique et social caus&#233; par l'&#233;v&#233;nement brutal mais aussi par l'incomp&#233;tence, la gabegie, la corruption et l'incapacit&#233; sociale, elles ont cherch&#233; tous les pr&#233;textes pour nous faire partir des terrains que nous occupions, ill&#233;galement nous ont-elles dit. Les propri&#233;taires, nous ont-elles dit, voulaient r&#233;cup&#233;rer au plus vite leurs terrains pour b&#226;tir, pour faire des &#233;coles, des terrains de foot, pour nous virer plus exactement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rien d'&#233;tonnant, les propri&#233;taires de Port-au-Prince n'ont jamais &#233;t&#233; connus pour une propension particuli&#232;re de se pr&#233;occuper des d&#233;munis. Je n'ai pas besoin de te le dire. Tu en avais v&#233;cu la r&#233;alit&#233; dans ta propre chair, toi qui avait subi tr&#232;s jeune l'oppression arrogante d'un de ces grandons, lorsque tu n'&#233;tais qu'un ouvrier agricole de 14 ans, trait&#233; pire qu'un esclave ! Tu te souviens dans ta chair des coups de fouet. Tu n'as pas oubli&#233; qu'un seigneur du coin t'as oblig&#233; sous peine de mort de manger de l'herbe&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Donc, quand ces saigneurs ont voulu nous faire d&#233;guerpir, un vrai cri a enfl&#233; dans notre camp. Et ce cri a &#233;t&#233; entendu jusqu'&#224; la pr&#233;sidence. On a donc cess&#233; de nous menacer. On a commenc&#233; &#224; vouloir nous aider... pour entamer notre force.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'aide a consist&#233; en une nu&#233;e de personnes charg&#233;es de nous dire ce qui &#233;tait bon pour notre sant&#233;, pour notre hygi&#232;ne, pour nos enfants, et j'en passe&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Et toujours cela se terminait par la n&#233;cessit&#233; de quitter le camp, de quitter la capitale pour trouver, disaient-ils, des conditions de vie tellement plus confortables, loin en province o&#249; un camp magnifique avec tout ce qu'il faut avaient para&#238;t-il &#233;t&#233; construit pour nous. On n'avait qu'&#224; accepter de partir pour en b&#233;n&#233;ficier. Mais nous &#233;tions plusieurs milliers dans un seul camp, nous avions pris l'habitude de tout discuter entre nous. Personne ne nous avait jamais rien donn&#233; et nous ne pouvions croire qu'on allait nous donner un vrai logement ni que, loin de la capitale, nous trouverions des moyens de vivre, de travailler, de faire vivre nos familles&#8230; On n'a pas march&#233; dans leur baratin !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ils ont bien s&#251;r affirm&#233; qu'on g&#234;nait le red&#233;marrage du coll&#232;ge Saint-Louis de Gonzague dont nous occupions les terrains ! Selon eux, nous emp&#234;chions la rentr&#233;e des scolaires...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Donc, essaie d'imaginer notre &#233;tat d'esprit, hier matin, lorsque nous avons r&#233;uni notre comit&#233; de camp au petit d&#233;jeuner. Les soir&#233;es, c'est plut&#244;t le moment d'essayer de travailler de petits boulots ici ou l&#224; et on se r&#233;unit donc les matins pour examiner tous les probl&#232;mes de la gestion du camp. Mais nos r&#233;unions pourraient sembler de v&#233;ritables forums politiques &#224; quelqu'un venu d'ailleurs&#8230; Toutes les classe sociales sont pr&#233;sentes ici et toutes les tendances politiques aussi. Chacun accepte ce mixage car il est une condition m&#234;me de la construction et du maintien de notre camp. Nous avons pactis&#233; ensemble envers et contre tous et cela a ciment&#233; une unit&#233; que nous-m&#234;mes n'aurions pu autrefois imaginer entre personnes et tendances aussi dissemblables. Je ne veux pas dire par l&#224; que nous nous entendons bien et que nous nous faisons confiance mais le pacte non dit et non &#233;crit consiste &#224; ne pas mettre en cause personnellement un seul membre du camp et &#224; tout baser sur l'union des forces. C'est fond&#233; sur un sentiment qui a &#233;t&#233; tellement violent apr&#232;s le s&#233;isme : celui selon lequel nous &#233;tions abandonn&#233;s de toutes les sortes possibles d'autorit&#233;s et livr&#233;s &#224; nous-m&#234;mes que ce sentiment de notre unit&#233; n'est pas pr&#234;t de retomber des mois apr&#232;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Petit d&#233;jeuner en plein air&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comme je te l'&#233;crivais, c'est donc un petit d&#233;jeuner en commun que nous prenons &#224; 6 heures dans un petit coin du camp qui surplombe l'ensemble. Un lieu sale, sans entretien, sans si&#232;ges, sans tables, sans rien mais qui profite d'un point de vue incroyable au lever du soleil. Assis les uns sur des bidons vides, les autres sur des gros morceaux de bois ou encore sur des caisses, nous d&#233;gustons ensemble un infect breuvage qui est appel&#233; par nous tous caf&#233; et dont la chaleur nous p&#233;n&#232;tre doucement. L'instant est pr&#233;cieux. Il fait encore frais. Ici ou l&#224;, une toile de tente claque au coup de vent. Un chien errant passe, content lui aussi d'avoir surv&#233;cu. Une femme surcharg&#233;e de sacs se h&#226;te vers le centre-ville pour qui sait quelle activit&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Chacun fait mine d'&#234;tre impassible aux propos des autres et la m&#233;fiance est de rigueur car ici nous ne sommes pas en pr&#233;sence d'enfants de c&#339;ur. Certains de ces hommes et de ces femmes ont tu&#233; pour survivre, ont vol&#233;, ont particip&#233; ou participent &#224; des milices plus ou moins occultes. Il y a parmi nous des fascistes et des r&#233;volutionnaires, des bandits et des hommes et des femmes de c&#339;ur, mais il est tr&#232;s difficile dans les conditions du moment de savoir qui est qui. Le s&#233;isme a fait basculer tout notre monde dans le cauchemar et il a rebattu les cartes. Il a m&#234;l&#233; d'anciens militaires, d'anciens chefs d'escadrons de la mort, d'anciens hommes de main des grandons avec des ouvriers, des domestiques, des prol&#233;taires comme nous et d'autres issus de la petite bourgeoisie ayant perdu leur maison et tous leurs biens. Certains ont visiblement fait de la politique dans les divers partis et factions qui ont conquis momentan&#233;ment le pouvoir ou qui ont cherch&#233; &#224; le conqu&#233;rir. Certains autres font partie de bandes occultes beaucoup plus clandestines, depuis d'anciens macoutes de l'&#233;poque B&#233;b&#233; doc, d'anciens r&#233;volutionnaires, d'anciens lavalas, d'anciens miliciens, d'anciens militaires, d'anciens ouvriers, d'anciens des groupes vaudouisants qui ont tent&#233; de prendre le pouvoir &#224; la faveur du s&#233;isme, etc...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Partout, les plaies sont b&#233;antes. Mais le s&#233;isme a tout chang&#233; et il a comme interrompu brutalement le film. On ne peut pas reprendre comme avant, m&#234;me si les haines et les frustrations ressortent &#224; tout moment, dans chaque conversation. Chacun se souvient que ces hommes et ces femmes qui habitent avec eux aujourd'hui, qui organisent ensemble la dure vie quotidienne, pouvaient hier diriger une arme contre eux ou les menacer et pourront demain le refaire. Du coup, chacun tient sa langue et ne s'engage pas trop pour ne pas trop se d&#233;voiler et pr&#233;server l'avenir&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La relation est donc extraordinaire et chacun le sait. Il a fallu l'&#233;tonnante conjonction des &#233;v&#233;nements pour pr&#233;cipiter toutes ces personnes dans le m&#234;me chaudron et demander aux uns et aux autres de touiller cette soupe incroyable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le comit&#233; du camp, o&#249; nous sommes une trentaine de participants &#233;lus, il y en a un grand nombre dont nous ne connaissons ni l'origine, ni le pass&#233;, ni l'ancien m&#233;tier, ni les dangers. Nous sommes d&#233;j&#224; bien contents d'avoir pu trouver le moyen de survivre dans des conditions o&#249; la mort est si proche et o&#249; le simple fait de dormir en s&#233;curit&#233; est un tr&#233;sor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tu te souviens que nous avons r&#233;ussi &#224; nous y installer &#224; deux, Georges et moi, et le fait d'&#234;tre l&#224; tous les deux, de pouvoir nous informer, confronter nos points de vue, assurer mutuellement notre s&#233;curit&#233;, nous aider est d&#233;j&#224; un tel bienfait !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Les repr&#233;sentants aux comit&#233;s sont tous des personnalit&#233;s du camp qui ont un certain poids mais parfois on ne sait pas ce qui leur donne cette autorit&#233;. Nous sommes certains qu'il y a des groupes de miliciens qui se cachent dans le camp et ont &#233;lu leurs pairs. Comme tu te doutes, personne n'&#233;voque en clair son pass&#233; et personne ne peut te dire la v&#233;rit&#233; sur d'autres habitants du camp. Nous savons, de source sure cette fois, qu'un groupe r&#233;volutionnaire clandestin vaudouisant en fait aussi partie, de m&#234;me que nous sommes aussi organis&#233;s politiquement dans un groupe r&#233;volutionnaire prol&#233;tarien, Georges et moi, comme nous l'&#233;tions avec toi avant ton d&#233;part pour l'&#233;tranger.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;D'autres sont des travailleurs, des pauvres, des mis&#233;rables m&#234;me. Marie-Jeanne, que tout le monde appelle famili&#232;rement Marisa, a &#233;t&#233; &#233;lue parce qu'elle n'a pas sa langue dans sa poche, sait toujours dire tout haut ce que chacun pense tout bas et qu'on la sait attach&#233;e &#224; une seule chance : &#224; ses deux petites filles pour lesquelles elle se d&#233;pense sans compter du matin au soir.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les circonstances d'exception qui ont contraint des profiteurs du march&#233; noir &#224; vivre avec des ouvriers ou des domestiques, des mafieux avec des braves gens, ont &#233;galement amen&#233; chacun &#224; penser que tous avaient besoin des autres, que les hi&#233;rarchies sociales pass&#233;es n'&#233;taient pas pr&#234;t de revenir et qu'il fallait prendre la vie comme elle venait et avec qui elle venait.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les maisons ne sont pas les seules &#224; s'&#234;tre effondr&#233;es dans le tremblement de terre. Toute confiance dans les autorit&#233;s s'est &#233;galement effondr&#233;e. Toutes les institutions de la soci&#233;t&#233; ont &#233;galement disparu momentan&#233;ment, incapables de r&#233;agir et encore moins d'aider la population face &#224; la catastrophe. Toutes les convictions qu'on croyait fermement &#233;tablies sur les fronti&#232;res sociales et politiques ont vals&#233; &#233;galement. La seule survie imm&#233;diate requiert la capacit&#233; &#224; admettre que rien n'est plus comme hier. Je te dis tout cela, Achille, pour que tu mesures &#224; quel point il est &#233;tonnant de nous retrouver &#224; discuter dans une r&#233;union matinale o&#249; on trouve des Lavalas comme TiJean et des anciens macoutes comme P&#233;rotte, des vaudouisants comme Th&#233;ophile, des syndicalistes comme Edouard Junior et des pasteurs comme le p&#232;re Olier. Bien des gens du comit&#233; appuient ce dernier comme Jacques, Fritz et Ren&#233; de la Pastorale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La r&#233;union a commenc&#233; par l'information par Olier selon laquelle les autorit&#233;s sanitaires ha&#239;tiennes prenaient le relai de la pr&#233;sidence pour exiger qu'on d&#233;guerpisse de ce camp &#171; occup&#233; ill&#233;galement &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Marisa a imm&#233;diatement r&#233;agi violemment :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Ill&#233;galement ! C'est n'importe quoi ! C'est l&#233;gal un tremblement de terre&#8230; Est-ce que cela suit les lois et d&#233;crets et les limites de la propri&#233;t&#233; priv&#233;e ! Le s&#233;isme a-t-il &#233;t&#233; enregistr&#233; au cadastre. De toutes les mani&#232;res, c'est quoi la l&#233;galit&#233; d'Ha&#239;ti ? O&#249; est le cadastre ? Dans les coffres-forts de grandons ? Dans ceux des banques ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Tous les camps de tente sont comme nous, a r&#233;pliqu&#233; Olier. Tous ont occup&#233; des terrains priv&#233;s comme ils ont pu, pour tenter de sauver leurs vies. Tous sont menac&#233;s &#233;galement d'&#234;tre d&#233;guerpis. A nous de montrer qu'on ne se laissera pas faire. Cette fois, on nous annonce que c'est contraire &#224; notre sant&#233;, &#224; notre hygi&#232;ne de rester ici, au centre-ville de Port-aux-Princes, mais nous savons bien que c'est surtout contraire &#224; la tranquillit&#233; et &#224; la bonne image des autorit&#233;s. Ils pr&#233;f&#232;rent que les camps soient &#224; la campagne, en province ou, au moins, en banlieue. En ville, cela signifie que chacun peut voir dans quel &#233;tat nous sommes, y compris les m&#233;dia internationaux d&#232;s qu'ils d&#233;barquent en Ha&#239;ti pour c&#233;l&#233;brer les bienfaits de l'aide internationale. Ils voient tout de suite que rien n'a &#233;t&#233; fait.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Il faut qu'on se d&#233;fende et pas seulement palabrer. La menace est s&#233;rieuse. Un de ces jours, ils vont trouver des bulldozers qu'ils n'avaient pas pour retrouver des survivants ni pour aider les secours, ni pour reconstruire. Ils les auront pour d&#233;truire notre camp en quelques minutes et &#233;craser toutes nos petites affaires. Si on se laisse faire&#8230; Il est temps de cesser de palabrer avec ce gouvernement de m&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Tu as raison Th&#233;ophile, mais, pour cela, il faut construire un rapport de forces. Il nous faut des soutiens. Il faut faire appel aux associations, aux ti-&#233;glises, aux syndicats, aux partis, aux groupes, aux m&#233;dia. Il faut &#233;clabousser la politique du gouvernement qui ne parle d'hygi&#232;ne que pour nous expulser et pas pour nous fournir des m&#233;dicaments et des soins !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Ce n'est pas inutile de faire appel &#224; l'opinion publique, ai-je dis, mais il y a urgence et il faut d'abord lier davantage les camps de tente de la capitale entre eux. Il faut un appel des camps qui f&#233;d&#232;re tous les camps et adresse un avertissement au gouvernement : en cas d'intervention contre un camp, tous les camps vont se liguer pour le d&#233;fendre !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Je propose de former une garde de d&#233;fense du camp, organis&#233;e militairement et pr&#234;te &#224; intervenir avec des moyens de fortune contre les forces de l'ordre qui seraient envoy&#233;es contre nous. J'ai une certaine exp&#233;rience en la mati&#232;re et je peux en prendre la direction, a avanc&#233; P&#233;rotte.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Nous ne devons pas donner la primaut&#233; &#224; l'intervention milicienne ou militaire sur le rapport de forces construit avec les autres d&#233;munis comme nous, a contredit Marisa. On nous a trop souvent fait le coup de nous d&#233;fendre et les bandes arm&#233;es qui en sont sorties n'ont jamais fait autre chose ensuite que nous ran&#231;onner, nous. On se souvient de toutes les sortes de bandes arm&#233;es qui ont parcouru le pays ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es, des macoutes aux milices de tous bords et m&#234;me &#224; l'arm&#233;e ha&#239;tienne. Ils nous ont tu&#233;, d&#233;valis&#233;, escroqu&#233; et viol&#233;, mais jamais prot&#233;g&#233;. Si on doit mettre en place une garde du camp, cette garde ce doit &#234;tre nous-m&#234;mes &#224; tour de r&#244;le et c'est tout.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; L'arm&#233;e ha&#239;tienne, elle ne s'est jamais pr&#233;occup&#233;e de d&#233;fendre le peuple a dit Th&#233;ophile. Les Namphy, les Jean-Claude Paul, les Avril et les C&#233;dras ont successivement d&#233;montr&#233; leur m&#233;pris des besoins des plus d&#233;munis et leur violence contre les pauvres. Ce n'est pas de nouveaux g&#233;n&#233;raux, de nouveaux capitaines, m&#233;prisants et arrogants dont le peuple a besoin. D'ailleurs, s'ils nous en fabriquent d'autres, ils seront certainement du c&#244;t&#233; des forces d'occupation &#233;trang&#232;re et pas leur adversaire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Ce n'est pas vrai, a clam&#233; P&#233;rotte, toutes les forces arm&#233;es n'ont pas &#233;t&#233; contre le peuple. C'est les Lavalas qui ont fait le mal et personne d'autre ! En tout cas, je ne propose pas de recommencer avec les anciennes milices comme les Chim&#232;res ou comme les bandits de la cit&#233; Soleil ! Il y a des fois o&#249; je me demande si le peuple r&#233;alise ce qu'on a perdu le 7 f&#233;vrier 1986. Facile de mettre toute la faute sur B&#233;b&#233; doc mais maintenant qu'on voit tous ceux qui ont pr&#233;tendu le remplacer, le peuple peut r&#233;fl&#233;chir pour r&#233;pondre s'il estime que notre sort s'est am&#233;lior&#233;. Aujourd'hui, il ne s'agit pas d'attendre du pouvoir la reconstitution de l'arm&#233;e mais de la lui imposer comme, ici au camp, on peut imposer notre milice de d&#233;fense sans demander leur avis aux autorit&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; N'essaie pas de nous refaire passer ta camelotte, P&#233;rotte, a r&#233;pliqu&#233; TiJean. Le peuple ne regrette pas B&#233;b doc ! Et Lavalas a bon dos, ici, comme si c'&#233;tait Lavalas qui gouvernait, comme si on avait jamais opprim&#233; le peuple, nous ! En tout cas, cette discussion ne m&#232;ne &#224; rien. La question n'est pas l&#224; ! Un dispositif de s&#233;curit&#233; du camp est d&#233;j&#224; en place et il est sous le contr&#244;le du comit&#233; &#233;lu. Il ne faut pas nous opposer comme cela en repartant sur les anciens affrontements. Cela ne nous apporterait rien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Cela ne nous apporterait rien non plus de nous retrouver sans moyens face &#224; des bulldozers prot&#233;g&#233;s par des fusils, a r&#233;pliqu&#233; P&#233;rotte.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Se d&#233;fendre militairement, je n'y crois pas. On ne va faire que mobiliser contre nous les soldats des forces internationales et la police ha&#239;tienne. La force n'est pas de notre c&#244;t&#233;. C'est encore nos enfants qui vont ramasser des balles, a dit Marisa. On ferait mieux de manifester en ville pour faire connaitre notre situation et d&#233;voiler leurs sales plans.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Ils s'en moquent bien de nos manifestations. La derni&#232;re fois, ils nous ont charg&#233;s et gaz&#233;s. Pourtant, on avait profit&#233; de la pr&#233;sence de la presse internationale, venue f&#233;liciter l'ex pr&#233;sident am&#233;ricain Clinton venu inaugurer quelques baraques de fortunes construites avec l'agent de l'aide internationale et jouer les jolis c&#339;urs avec le pr&#233;sident Martelly.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Celui-l&#224;, il ne vaut pas plus cher que les pr&#233;c&#233;dents et roule toujours pour les m&#234;mes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Il n'y avait aucune illusion &#224; avoir. Les loups aux dents longues ne s'en vont pas par un bulletin de vote ! Ce n'est pas par des votes qu'on va cesser de vivre en plein vent, en pleine pluie ou en pleine canicule.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Faut pas les laisser tranquilles, les riches, les pourris ! Faut pas seulement se plaindre et revendiquer ! Qu'on se donne les moyens de les d&#233;ranger dans leurs magouilles ! J'en ai assez d'&#234;tre trait&#233; comme un moins que rien par ses bandits ! Il n'y a pas d'autre solution que des balles et des hommes et des femmes qui se d&#233;fendent !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Quand tu penses qu'il y en a qui roulent en 4x4, vivent dans des palais comme avant, ramassent tout l'argent de l'aide internationale et l'investissent &#224; l'&#233;tranger, &#224; commencer par Saint-Domingue o&#249; nos fr&#232;res sont trait&#233;s comme &#224; la pire &#233;poque esclavagiste, exploit&#233;s, violent&#233;s, viol&#233;s, vol&#233;s, arr&#234;t&#233;s, battus&#8230;. Quand tu penses qu'on croupit ici dans la merde et la boue, dans le froid et la pluie et qu'on veut encore nous en faire partir sous pr&#233;texte qu'ils ont d'autres projets immobilier priv&#233;s sur ce terrain, qu'on g&#234;ne leurs investissements !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; On a juste &#224; attendre de crever de faim et de froid, aucun espoir de vrai travail, de relogement d&#233;cent, juste &#224; attendre d'&#234;tre tu&#233; par quelque voleur ou par une maffia et nos enfants n'ont aucune chance de s'en sortir, rajouta Marisa.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Tu as raison, il y en a marre ! Pas un vrai morceau de pain, pas un vrai caf&#233; &#224; se mettre en bouche, dit cet autre participant au conseil en crachant au sol.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;P&#233;rotte rench&#233;rit :
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; On ne nous respectera que quand on aura des fusils. C'est vrai qu'il y aura des morts, mais la libert&#233; est &#224; ce prix.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Deux autres membres de milices du conseil, Gr&#233;goire et Antoine, lui ont donn&#233; raison, car ils sont eux aussi des &#171; militaristes &#187;, m&#234;me s'ils ne font pas partie du tout du m&#234;me groupe. Ces deux l&#224; nous semblent plut&#244;t appartenir aux groupes qui veulent reconstituer l'arm&#233;e ha&#239;tienne et occupent les anciennes casernes. Gr&#233;goire a m&#234;me affirm&#233; qu'il allait proposer publiquement lors de l'assembl&#233;e g&#233;n&#233;rale la constitution d'une milice du camp et qu'il mettait quiconque a d&#233;fit de l'en emp&#234;cher&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Ce qui urge, c'est de rendre publique la menace contre nous et notre refus de partir en organisant une nouvelle manifestation sous les fen&#234;tres de la pr&#233;sidence, a r&#233;pliqu&#233; Olier, plut&#244;t que d'&#233;taler nos divergences en public. D'ailleurs, il n'y a pas de raison de refuser en soi l'id&#233;e de se d&#233;fendre par tous les moyens physiques. Il faut seulement que le camp tout entier y soit associ&#233; et les autres camps aussi.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Ben voil&#224; ! Dans ces conditions, on est d'accord, a conclue P&#233;rotte. Passons alors aux autres questions. Comment allons-nous faire pour lancer l'appel des camps et le propager dans la capitale mais aussi en province. Est-ce qu'un texte a d&#233;j&#224; &#233;t&#233; r&#233;dig&#233; et que dit-il ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Oui, a dit Olier, il y a un texte qui circule d&#233;j&#224;, sign&#233; de nombreux syndicats et associations. On pourra le r&#233;cup&#233;rer pour le relire au conseil avant de le lire et l'adopter en assembl&#233;e g&#233;n&#233;rale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Un appel, c'est bien, a rajout&#233; Georges, mais il faudrait aussi construire un comit&#233; de tous les comit&#233;s qui les unisse tous. Il faudrait que chaque camp &#233;lise deux d&#233;l&#233;gu&#233;s pour une assembl&#233;e unissant les camps. Tant qu'on n'a que des organisations locales, on est plus faible que le gouvernement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Olier rappelle :
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Les occupants du Stade Sylvio Cator qui occupent une pelouse que lorgne la F&#233;d&#233;ration ha&#239;tienne de foot sont encore plus rapidement menac&#233;s d'&#234;tre expuls&#233;s par la force. Ils sont deux fois moins nombreux que nous et les autorit&#233;s les accusent d'emp&#234;cher le red&#233;marrage du foot en Ha&#239;ti ! Il faut appeler les habitants de Saint-Louis Gonzague &#224; se mobiliser en cas de tentative d'expulsion du camp de Sylvio Cator.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; C'est juste ! Allons nombreux les soutenir. C'est comme cela qu'on construira un v&#233;ritable rapport de force des camps &#224; Port-au-Prince.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Pas si simple ! On risque de se disperser et, quand ils auront &#233;chou&#233; l&#224;-bas, ils s'en prendront &#224; nous. Ils peuvent aussi arr&#234;ter nos leaders &#224; Sylvio Cator et on se retrouvera d&#233;munis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Il faut poser le probl&#232;me aux habitants et leur montrer l'int&#233;r&#234;t de s'unir. Le deuxi&#232;me point de l'ordre du jour, a rappel&#233; Olier, c'est les inondations. Nous sommes sans cesse menac&#233;s par chaque temp&#234;te, chaque ouragan. L'eau p&#233;n&#232;tre partout, menace de tout enlever. Il y a des gros travaux de protection du camp &#224; mettre en &#339;uvre. Il faut r&#233;cup&#233;rer du mat&#233;riel et demander que les habitants se mobilisent pour emp&#234;cher des torrents d'eau et de boue de menacer le camp.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Pour cela, il faut plus que des mat&#233;riaux de r&#233;cup&#233;ration comme on en a utilis&#233; jusqu'ici. Il faut du ciment, du sable, des canalisations. Si on ne nous fournit pas, il faut en voler !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Il faut poser le probl&#232;me &#224; tous les habitants. A nous tous, on peut trouver les comp&#233;tences en travaux de chantier et les mat&#233;riaux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Le troisi&#232;me point de l'ordre du jour, c'est qu'on revendique le d&#233;part des forces arm&#233;es internationales. Ils sont venus nous occuper militairement sous le pr&#233;texte de nous sauver du s&#233;isme ! Ils nous ont refil&#233; le chol&#233;ra. Ils tuent ou arr&#234;tent nos fr&#232;res. Ils ne cessent de nous menacer ! Tout l'argent de l'aide sert &#224; cette force d'intimidation du peuple ha&#239;tien sans laquelle on ne ferait qu'une bouch&#233;e du nouveau pouvoir.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Martelly pr&#233;tend qu'ils vont partir quand on aura reconstitu&#233; notre arm&#233;e, mais c'est faux ! Il ne veut pas refaire l'arm&#233;e ha&#239;tienne, celle de l'ind&#233;pendance, celle de Toussaint ! Il faut revendiquer l'ouverture des recrutements, la remise en place des casernes. Assez de l'occupation &#233;trang&#232;re !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C'est Antoine qui vient de prendre la parole et la connait sa ritournelle. Comme si l'&#233;poque o&#249; il y avait une arm&#233;e ha&#239;tienne &#233;tait une &#233;poque b&#233;nie pour le peuple ! Mais tous les participants, cette fois, se gardent de donner leur opinion, m&#233;fiant dans ces futurs militaires qui peuvent devenir de dangereux galonn&#233;s, capables d'&#233;liminer physiquement leurs ennemis, comme &#224; l'&#233;poque o&#249; Avril &#233;tait au pouvoir&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Un grand silence suit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Marisa s'&#233;broue. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Il faut que j'y aille. J'ai un m&#233;nage &#224; faire chez les riches. Un peu de monnaie &#224; gagner. On reprendra demain matin.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La r&#233;union se l&#232;ve, on se salue et chacun vaque &#224; ses occupations. Georges et moi allons nous installer dans un coin plus tranquille de la colline afin de prolonger cette r&#233;union et de d&#233;cider ce que nous allons faire maintenant.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Tu vois, je te l'avais dit, les deux officiers, ils ont montr&#233; le bout de leur nez !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Cette fois, effectivement, on l'a tous vu, je crois.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Ils essaient depuis longtemps de voir quel jeune ils vont pouvoir embarquer dans leurs op&#233;rations militaires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Et ils font une campagne active pour r&#233;tablir l'arm&#233;e dans ses casernes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Et les forces arm&#233;es internationales, elles sont pour ou contre cette reconstitution de l'arm&#233;e ha&#239;tienne ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Bien difficile de le dire ! Cela d&#233;pend sans doute dans quelle mesure ils seraient capables de vraiment la contr&#244;ler et les derni&#232;res tentatives en ce sens ne les ont pas rassur&#233;s sur ce point.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Ne serait-ce pas qu'ils veulent tout simplement finir par recoloniser Ha&#239;ti pour en refaire un paradis pour milliardaires avec un tout petit nombre d'habitants transform&#233;s en domestiques, gar&#231;on de courses et prostitu&#233;es pour grands h&#244;tels et r&#233;sidences de luxe ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; C'est possible, mais ils en sont encore loin. Pour le moment, l'occupation vise &#224; casser tout risque de r&#233;volte. Tu sais qu'au lendemain du s&#233;isme, ils ont &#233;chapp&#233; de justesse &#224; une tentative de r&#233;volution des adeptes d'un groupe vaudou, organis&#233;s pour faire un coup de main &#224; la Blanqui contre le pouvoir.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Est-ce que ce n'&#233;tait pas un peu du folklore et ont-ils vraiment eu des raisons de craindre une r&#233;volution ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; C'est bien avant le s&#233;isme que leurs estimations sur la situation d'Ha&#239;ti &#233;taient alarmistes du point de vue des classes dirigeantes et les dirigeants militaires et politiques de l'ancienne force d'occupation militaire d'Ha&#239;ti, la Minustah, ainsi que la PNH estimaient la situation sociale et politique dangereuse avec des risques r&#233;volutionnaires&#8230; C'est &#224; ce moment l&#224;, bien avant le tremblement de terre, que des forces arm&#233;es am&#233;ricaines ont commenc&#233; &#224; croiser au large de notre &#238;le, pr&#234;tes &#224; intervenir, ce qui explique que, le jour venu, il leur a suffi de quelques heures pour d&#233;barquer au grand &#233;tonnement des Ha&#239;tiens. Ces derniers ont vu des troupes am&#233;ricaines, bien avant de voir un pompier ou un policier ha&#239;tien !!! Et, ensuite, pour camoufler l'op&#233;ration am&#233;ricaine, on en a fait une op&#233;ration de sauvetage internationale sans que ces troupes viennent pour sauver qui que ce soit, et se contentent de nous amener le chol&#233;ra !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Du coup, cela pose le probl&#232;me de l'attitude &#224; avoir envers ceux qui proposent de constituer une nouvelle arm&#233;e nationale, et ceux qui veulent nous voir constituer des milices arm&#233;es, m&#234;me si on les connait et si on sait que ce n'est pas une arm&#233;e qui va nous sauver ni de la mis&#232;re, ni de l'occupation &#233;trang&#232;re.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Non, ce qui se poserait c'est effectivement le peuple en armes et c'est assez difficile pour le moment de concevoir dans quelles circonstances le peuple travailleur pourrait &#234;tre d&#233;cid&#233; au point de s'armer et de d&#233;border pour cela toutes les forces adverses. Mais il en est toujours ainsi : personne n'a jamais pu imaginer par avance que le peuple travailleur allait &#234;tre capable de cela et cependant il l'a &#233;t&#233; plusieurs fois dans le monde, comme en Angleterre et en France en 1848, en France en 1871, en Russie en 1905 et 1917, en Allemagne en 1918, en Chine en 1925, etc&#8230; En Ha&#239;ti, il en a &#233;t&#233; de m&#234;me. Les exploit&#233;s ont pris les armes avec Toussaint et ils ont aussi r&#233;ussi &#224; renverser B&#233;b&#233; doc. Notre probl&#232;me n'est pas de concevoir &#224; l'avance les circonstances dans lesquelles ce serait possible, mais de nous y pr&#233;parer politiquement en construisant un groupe politique prol&#233;tarien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Est-ce que notre petit groupe peut faire de la propagande ouvertement en ce moment ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Cela me semble tr&#232;s difficile car il n'y a aucune difficult&#233; pour nos adversaires politiques directs &#8211; et on en a juste &#224; c&#244;t&#233; de nous, dans le camp &#8211; de nous d&#233;noncer aux autorit&#233;s comme pr&#234;ts &#224; fomenter un coup communiste et ainsi de nous &#233;liminer en se gagnant des faveurs au sein du pouvoir. Il faut donc faire un travail sur des bases larges de d&#233;fense des int&#233;r&#234;ts prol&#233;tariens et d&#233;tecter discr&#232;tement des &#233;l&#233;ments int&#233;ressants qui r&#233;fl&#233;chissent et ne sont dupes de personne. En m&#234;me temps, on peut se lier &#224; des groupes qui souhaitent la r&#233;volution, m&#234;me s'ils ne sont pas d'accord avec nous sur tout, sur le communisme par exemple.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Que dirais-tu de discussions avec les Lavalas, avec d'anciens du parti communiste ha&#239;tien, du syndicat CATH ou avec des vaudouisants ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Oui, bien s&#251;r, c'est possible si on y va plus que prudemment, sans d&#233;voiler directement nos id&#233;es et l'existence de notre groupe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Peut-on penser qu'on va faire la r&#233;volution aux c&#244;t&#233;s, en front unique avec les uns ou les autres.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; C'est possible qu'on agisse aux c&#244;t&#233;s de militants ou de groupes mais &#224; une condition expresse.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Laquelle ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Que ces individus ou ces groupes admettent et d&#233;fendent r&#233;ellement l'organisation ind&#233;pendante des masses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Mais peut-on accepter de s'unir avec eux si les uns suivent la sorcellerie vaudou et les autres sont r&#233;formistes et ne veulent pas renverser le capitalisme comme les d&#233;mocrates, les catholiques, les syndicalistes ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Bien s&#251;r, ce sont des obstacles non n&#233;gligeables s'il s'agit de tomber d'accord sur les buts fondamentaux, mais cela n'emp&#234;che pas de s'unir pour d&#233;fendre les camps, pour mener la lutte pour des revendications sociales, pour combattre les forces d'occupation internationales ou pour combattre le pouvoir. Ensuite, m&#234;me la lutte r&#233;volutionnaire comprendra forc&#233;ment des gens qui suivent le vaudou ou les catholiques, qui suivent les syndicats ou les d&#233;mocrates. Ce sera la force de la r&#233;volution et la mani&#232;re dont elle entra&#238;nera les masses qui comptera et nous donnera les moyens de nous lier &#224; des gens issus d'horizons politiques et sociaux diff&#233;rents.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Mais, dans la situation actuelle pouvons-nous tenter de dialoguer avec ces courants ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; En fait, on ne s'en rend pas compte mais on n'arr&#234;te pas de faire &#231;a, que ce soit comme ce matin au comit&#233; du camp, tout &#224; l'heure au comit&#233; de coordination des syndicats et associations ou ce soir &#224; notre rendez-vous avec les amis vaudouisants de Th&#233;ophile.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Justement, c'est cela qui me pr&#233;occupe. J'avoue que je ne vois pas comment cela va se passer et en quoi nous pouvons converger avec des types pareils.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; On ne sait pas d'avance. Tout d&#233;pend des &#233;v&#233;nements. Bien s&#251;r, ils ont l'air beaucoup plus loin de nous que tous les autres. Mais, si &#231;a chauffe vraiment, si la situation devient explosive, c'est eux qui, plus que tous, voudront que le peuple renverse le pouvoir. Il faut donc garder des liens avec les courants radicaux, m&#234;me s'ils semblent tr&#232;s &#233;loign&#233;s de nous. Il faut &#233;changer avec nos autres camarades du groupe, pour voir si eux ont pu ou pas entretenir des liens avec des courants radicaux parmi les vaudouisants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nous nous sommes quitt&#233;s l&#224;-dessus afin de vaquer &#224; nos occupations journali&#232;res consistant &#224; tenter ici ou l&#224; de trouver des petits boulots, de r&#233;cup&#233;rer des nourritures ou des v&#234;tements aupr&#232;s des organismes d'aide humanitaire internationaux ou ha&#239;tiens qui s&#233;vissent l&#224;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans mon prochain courrier, tu verras comment les &#233;v&#233;nements ont tourn&#233; ensuite pour nous.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
D&#232;s que je peux, je reprends la plume pour te rapporter la suite de notre affaire&#8230; Tu vas voir que nous n'imaginions pas nous-m&#234;mes &#224; quel point les situations peuvent se renverser brutalement !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A bient&#244;t et je compte sur ton courrier : raconte moi comment cela se passe aux Antilles colonis&#233;es par la France !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Anatole&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Deuxi&#232;me courrier du 30/08/2012 d'Anatole &#224; son copain Achille, parti s'exiler aux Antilles&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cher Achille,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comme tu le vois, le jour qui vient nous trouve toujours en vie et toujours pr&#234;ts &#224; lutter, mais rien que cette remarque te montre que chaque jour compte pour nous, chaque jour est un combat pour survivre, pour se faire respecter, pour continuer de nous comporter comme des &#234;tres humains alors que les circonstances se multiplient o&#249; on ne peut plus vivre comme des &#234;tres humains, ici en Ha&#239;ti !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je t'avais rapport&#233;, dans mon dernier courrier, nos projets de renforcer notre combat en entrant en contacts avec d'autres groupes et courants et je n'ai pas eu la disponibilit&#233; de t'&#233;crire la suite de ces p&#233;rip&#233;ties et le mot n'est pas trop fort. On en a vu, en effet, des vertes et des pas mures en termes de relations avec les organisations, et pourtant il ne s'agit l&#224; que des plus proches. Certains de leurs militants, voyant que l'on comptait rester ind&#233;pendants, ont cess&#233; de la jouer fraternels et soit nous ont battu froid, soit ont commenc&#233; des man&#339;uvres d'intimidation ou de menace. Bizarrement, ce sont qui pourraient para&#238;tre les plus loin philosophiquement, voir humainement qui ont accept&#233; le d&#233;bat et les &#233;changes. Un courant vaudouisant r&#233;volutionnaire nous a en effet semble-t-il fait confiance. Autant te dire qu'on y a &#233;t&#233; plus que prudemment&#8230; Il ne s'agissait que d'une toute petite fraction de ce vaste mouvement, tr&#232;s pr&#233;sent en Ha&#239;ti, celle qui a d&#233;j&#224; tent&#233; de renverser le pouvoir par une r&#233;volte en se servant du s&#233;isme pour d&#233;border les forces de l'ordre. Ce courant est rest&#233; favorable au renversement de l'Etat bourgeois et la constitution du peuple organis&#233; en comit&#233;s de base en classe dirigeante. Ils n'ont aucun opportunisme &#224; l'&#233;gard des classes dirigeantes ni des puissances occupantes. Bien entendu, nous ne les avons pas titill&#233;s sur leurs croyances et ils ne nous ont pas cherch&#233; non plus sur nos conceptions philosophiques. Apparemment, les Chr&#233;tiens militants sont davantage leurs ennemis sur le terrain que les non-croyants et m&#234;me les ath&#233;es militants, comme nous autres marxistes r&#233;volutionnaires. Notre existence clandestine aussi n'&#233;tait pas un handicap, au contraire, car eux aussi souhaitent rester compl&#232;tement occultes et, pas plus que nous, ne recherchent ni soutien financier du gouvernement et des humanitaires, ni reconnaissance de quelconques autorit&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nos discussions ont surtout port&#233; sur l'interpr&#233;tation des &#233;v&#233;nements et la r&#233;ponse politique et sociale &#224; y apporter. Ils nous ont pos&#233; un nombre incroyable de questions et &#233;taient insatiables de discussions dans lesquelles ils n'ont nullement cach&#233; leurs propres r&#233;ponses ce qui, tu t'en doutes, nous a parfaitement convenu. Est-ce que nous croyions &#224; la d&#233;mocratie &#233;lectorale ? Est-ce que nous &#233;tions partisans de la domination du capitalisme am&#233;ricain ou occidental ? Est-ce que nous estimons que les masses ont le droit de s'armer ? Est-ce que nous sommes pour reprendre les terres aux grands propri&#233;taires ? Est-ce que nous sommes pour la destruction de l'Etat ? Est-ce que nous sommes pour que le pouvoir revienne aux comit&#233;s de quartiers et de villages ? Etc, etc&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sur tous ces points, ils &#233;taient plut&#244;t contents des convergences entre nous. Nous aussi, m&#234;me si les diff&#233;rences de formulations &#233;taient bien plus que des traditions diff&#233;rentes, mais aussi des divergences sur l'avenir de la soci&#233;t&#233;. On a bien senti que sur bien des points, ils &#233;taient plut&#244;t pour une esp&#232;ce de retour &#224; un pass&#233; mythique, mais ce n'&#233;tait pas directement formul&#233;. On n'a pas pu aller plus loin dans l'&#233;change parce qu'on a &#233;t&#233; interrompus par des grands cris de gens arrivant dans le camp vers l'entr&#233;e. On a d&#251; lever la r&#233;union pour s'y pr&#233;cipiter.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ces gens arrivaient &#224; bout de souffle et criaient aussi forts qu'ils le pouvaient : &#171; Expulsion ! Expulsion ! &#187; D&#232;s qu'on a pu les approcher, ils nous ont expliqu&#233; qu'on &#233;tait en train de les expulser manu militari du camp du stade, qui n'est pas tr&#232;s loin du n&#244;tre mais environ cinq fois moins peupl&#233; que le n&#244;tre. Les autorit&#233;s ont sans doute estim&#233; qu'il &#233;tait plus facile &#224; expulser que le n&#244;tre. Et elles avaient livr&#233; durant des semaines une campagne f&#233;roce de propagande contre le camp du stade, pr&#233;tendant qu'il emp&#234;chait le red&#233;marrage de la jeunesse de Port-au-Prince, en bloquant le stade et la mise en place d'un terrain de foot pour la F&#233;d&#233;ration de football.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Et, effectivement, quand nous sommes arriv&#233;s avec une centaine d'habitants de notre camp, nous avons constat&#233; qu'il y avait une v&#233;ritable guerre au camp du stade. Il y avait une somme de plusieurs forces arm&#233;es qui agissaient avec rapidit&#233; et efficacit&#233; contre les habitants du camp : forces de l'ONU, forces polici&#232;res ha&#239;tiennes, forces polici&#232;res de la mairie de la capitale, milices priv&#233;es des grands propri&#233;taires, tout ce beau monde s'&#233;tait joint &#224; des engins de travaux pour mettre &#224; plat le camp du stade et n'en laisser que des d&#233;combres !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les habitants qui &#233;taient sur place, &#224; cette heure de l'apr&#232;s-midi, &#233;taient une petite minorit&#233; des occupants du camp et ils tentaient, comme ils pouvaient de leurs petites forces, de mettre obstacle au rouleau compresseur des forces de r&#233;pression et aux casseurs qui avan&#231;aient cependant &#224; grande vitesse, se frayant un chemin &#224; coups de matraque, de grenades lacrymog&#232;nes et &#224; la vitesse des engins de chantier.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Des engins de chantier ! s'&#233;criait mon voisin. On n'en avait pas quand on voulait sauver des personnes prises sous les d&#233;combres du s&#233;isme&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La rage sortait de tous les propos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Notre arriv&#233;e venant en renfort des effectifs du camp et avec l'arriv&#233;e aussi de quelques soutiens arrivant du centre-ville, mis au courant de l'expulsion a momentan&#233;ment redonn&#233; espoir aux habitants qui ont redoubl&#233; d'efforts pour bloquer le raz de mar&#233;e destructeur.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cependant, la force et le courage ne suffisaient pas face &#224; l'armada qui avait &#233;t&#233; mise en place par les autorit&#233;s et &#224; la pr&#233;paration de celles-ci alors que nous n'&#233;tions nullement pr&#233;par&#233;s &#224; y faire face. Malgr&#233; notre arriv&#233;e en nombre, le rapport des forces n'a pas &#233;t&#233; renvers&#233;. L'action d'expulsion &#233;tait suffisamment &#233;tay&#233;e pour l'emporter rapidement et ne pas craindre l'arriv&#233;e des soutiens venus du reste de la ville. L'heure et le lieu avaient &#233;t&#233; bien choisis. Ce camp n'&#233;tait pas dans les plus nombreux de la capitale et la plupart des occupants vaquaient &#224; des activit&#233;s en ville pour ramener de quoi vivre, soit en travaillant, soit en effectuant des d&#233;marches administratives, soit en se pr&#233;sentant aux diverses associations humanitaires et &#233;glises.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On a eu beau s'&#233;gosiller en hurlant : &#171; Le camp est &#224; nous ! &#187;, &#171; Non aux casseurs ! &#187;, &#171; Martelly menteur, Martelly voleur ! &#187; et aussi &#171; Dehors les forces &#233;trang&#232;res &#187; &#224; chaque fois que nous faisions face aux militaires de l'ONU. On a eu beau leur envoyer tout ce qu'on a trouv&#233; &#224; terre : des restes du tremblement de terre, des morceaux de bois ou de b&#233;ton. Ils nous ont balay&#233;s sans trop de difficult&#233;. Manque d'exp&#233;rience du combat, manque de forces, manque d'organisation, manque de pr&#233;paration, tout se liguait contre nous et nous n'avons que retard&#233; tr&#232;s peu les destructeurs. Ces derniers savaient que si on les retardait suffisamment, d'autres forces auraient le temps d'arriver et la destruction du camp serait un &#233;chec. Ils ont donc acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233; les op&#233;rations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Des centaines de tentes, de cabanes, de petites cases en tous mat&#233;riaux se sont retrouv&#233;s &#224; terre, &#233;cras&#233;es, pi&#233;tin&#233;es, massacr&#233;es, des quantit&#233;s de petites affaires qui repr&#233;sentaient un tr&#233;sor pour les occupants se retrouvaient d&#233;finitivement d&#233;truits et les efforts de mois pour reconstituer un tout petit p&#233;cule ainsi volatilis&#233;s !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nous avons la rage et elle nous mord au ventre, plus fort que la faim, plus fort que la tristesse des disparitions, des morts, plus fort que la mis&#232;re, plus fort que tout. Tu ne peux pas savoir comme on a honte de ne pas pouvoir nous lib&#233;rer de cette cha&#238;ne que nos ennemis ont riv&#233;e &#224; nos pieds.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comment est-il possible que nous qui avons autrefois renvers&#233; plusieurs fois l'esclavage et la tyrannie, que le peuple dont les esclaves r&#233;volt&#233;s qui ont battu l'arm&#233;e du colonisateur, le peuple qui a le premier dans l'Histoire mis en place un pouvoir ind&#233;pendant des esclaves noirs, le peuple qui a renvers&#233; le dictateur pro-am&#233;ricain B&#233;b&#233; doc, qui ne s'est laiss&#233; faire par aucun dictateur militaire, comment est-il possible que ce peuple-l&#224; se retrouve aujourd'hui &#224; nouveau dans la boue, la mis&#232;re et la honte de la domination des m&#234;mes ma&#238;tres ? Comment se fait-il que ces derniers se permettent en plus de faire mine d'&#234;tre l&#224; pour nous aider, pour nous sauver ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Insupportable, en plus de souffrir le manque de tout, de logement, de sant&#233;, d'&#233;ducation, de les entendre clamer &#224; tous vents qu'ils font tout pour nous, qu'ils construisent pour nous reloger, qu'ils d&#233;pensent pour nous soigner, pour &#233;duquer nos enfants. Alors que nous savons qu'ils se contentent de ramasser les sommes issues de l'aide internationale pour payer leurs propres maisons, leurs propres 4x4, leurs propres v&#234;tements de luxe, pour remplir leurs coffres-forts et relancer leur exploitation du pays&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Plus ils font de discours, plus notre haine devient blanche et f&#233;roce. Comme si les termes m&#234;mes des discours des autorit&#233;s &#233;taient autant de brulures sur notre peau !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'expulsion s'est achev&#233;e sous nos regards. Nous avions &#233;t&#233; balay&#233;s un peu plus loin par les forces de r&#233;pression et assistions impuissants &#224; la catastrophe. Cette fois, on ne pouvait pas dire que c'&#233;tait une catastrophe naturelle !!!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une partie des expuls&#233;s du stade vont grandir le nombre des occupants de notre camp, rendant la vie collective un peu plus compliqu&#233;e, mais renfor&#231;ant aussi le rapport de forces au cas o&#249; on voudrait nous expulser aussi. Mais nous savions aussi que cela allait d&#233;pendre avant tout de notre capacit&#233; &#224; nous organiser et des perspectives &#224; donner &#224; notre combat.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il allait falloir tirer les le&#231;ons de notre d&#233;faite au camp du stade. Nous savions tous que cela allait relancer le d&#233;bat, au comit&#233; de notre camp et aux assembl&#233;es g&#233;n&#233;rales, sur la constitution ou pas d'une milice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La nuit qui a suivi, je ne pouvais pas dormir et je ressassais les arguments pour ou contre cette milice et la mani&#232;re dont on pouvait contr&#244;ler une telle milice pour ne pas refaire les m&#234;mes erreurs que les ann&#233;es pr&#233;c&#233;dentes, quand on avait subi les exactions de telles milices issues du peuple mais se retournant contre lui comme les Chim&#232;res, sans parler des milices instrumentalis&#233;es par nos ennemis comme l'&#233;taient autrefois les Macoutes &#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nous allons, bien s&#251;r, devoir resserrer les liens avec les autres camps de tentes de la capitale, les moyens de nous contacter en cas d'urgence, les liens avec toutes les organisations et associations populaires, partis et syndicats, les moyens de faire pression sur les autorit&#233;s&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mais rien de tout cela n'est suffisant, nous le savons, face aux forces qui nous sont oppos&#233;es et qui nous d&#233;passent largement car toutes les puissances &#233;trang&#232;res se sont ligu&#233;es pour battre. Tu te rends compte que l'on &#233;t&#233; chercher des soldats au N&#233;pal pour les emmener chez nous et que ces soldats nous ont apport&#233; le chol&#233;ra !!! Nous ne savons m&#234;me pas si le reste du monde sait cela ou si nous sommes abandonn&#233;s &#224; notre malheur dans un complet silence mondial ! Peut-&#234;tre que les autres peuples qui ont donn&#233; aux collectes dans le monde apr&#232;s le s&#233;isme croient que nous sommes aujourd'hui &#224; l'abri et sauv&#233;s alors que nous sommes livr&#233;s aux temp&#234;tes, sans toit, sans emploi, sans ressources, plus abandonn&#233;s que jamais &#224; la mis&#232;re et au d&#233;sespoir que si l'ensemble des Etats du monde n'avaient pas fait d&#233;barquer leurs forces internationales dans notre &#238;le&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quelles solutions pour changer notre sort alors que tant de forces aussi importantes sont coalis&#233;es contre nous et lorsqu'elles interviennent soi-disant pour nous aider, nous sauver, nous lib&#233;rer, nous soigner et nous loger ! C'est l'oppresseur qui se bat sous le drapeau de la libert&#233; et l'opprim&#233; qui est accus&#233; de banditisme, de vol, de viol, de violences, de refus du changement, de refus de la reconstruction !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Mais, tu t'imagines : au nom de la reconstruction, on pr&#233;tend nous enlever les tentes ou les petites baraques qui sont notre seule et fragile s&#233;curit&#233; !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je t'envoie un des tracts diffus&#233;s parmi nous :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; Entre les discours vides du gouvernement et les actes concrets d'imposition par les imp&#233;rialistes, le peuple reste assomm&#233;... Le chaos, la d&#233;solation g&#233;n&#233;rale, la douleur et surtout la tristesse sont indicibles. De ce tremblement de terre du 12 janvier 2010 il restera des images qui tortureront pendant longtemps l'esprit et les souvenirs inaccessibles, images de morts si chers, de villes devenues fant&#244;mes, de rires engloutis. Il faudra malgr&#233; tout conserver la t&#234;te froide ; il est indispensable de poser les probl&#232;mes r&#233;els pour chercher une issue.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Tout d'abord il est n&#233;cessaire d'&#233;carter cette interpr&#233;tation qui veut faire croire qu'il s'agit d'une action divine, d'une &#171; mal&#233;diction &#187;. Cette mani&#232;re de voir, fortement implant&#233;e dans ce peuple si croyant, emp&#234;che d'identifier les v&#233;ritables causes de la catastrophe, qui sont pourtant totalement naturelles et qui, dans une certaine mesure, ont m&#234;me &#233;t&#233; pr&#233;vues par des sp&#233;cialistes. Cette interpr&#233;tation contribue &#224; augmenter la r&#233;signation devant un tel &#171; acte divin &#187;, en nous laissant d&#233;sarm&#233;s, ce qui entra&#238;ne une attitude attentiste et l'ali&#233;nation. Par ailleurs, elle occulte l'absence et l'irresponsabilit&#233; de l'Etat, lequel a &#233;t&#233; d&#251;ment averti, et qui aurait pu faire son possible, m&#234;me avec ses faibles capacit&#233;s, pour tenter de r&#233;soudre au moins certaines des cons&#233;quences. Or, il n'a rien fait du tout.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Il faut donc garder la t&#234;te froide et, dans la mesure du possible, poser les vrais probl&#232;mes, pour pouvoir trouver de r&#233;elles solutions. Trois axes nous aideront &#224; clarifier la situation : &#8226; le contexte et le moment auquel nous avons subi la secousse du tremblement de terre ; &#8226; quelques dangers qui nous guettent ; &#8226; que faire pour faire face au d&#233;fi, et dans l'int&#233;r&#234;t de quelle classe sociale ?&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le contexte et le moment auquel nous avons subi la secousse du tremblement de terre&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Il y a quelque temps, le gouvernement, avec la bourgeoisie et ses technocrates, parlaient d'une &#171; r&#233;activation de l'&#233;conomie du pays &#187;. En r&#233;alit&#233;, ce sont les m&#234;mes qui, dans les ann&#233;es 1980 sous Jean-Claude Duvalier, critiquaient &#224; tout va le &#171; Plan Am&#233;ricain pour Ha&#239;ti &#187;, qui le pr&#233;sentent aujourd'hui comme &#233;tant salvateur et qui parlent de l'appliquer sans y changer une virgule.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Concernant ce &#171; plan &#187;, il faut savoir que non seulement il a totalement &#233;chou&#233; (c'est lui qui nous a conduits l&#224; o&#249; nous sommes aujourd'hui) mais qu'en outre, dans leur monumentale d&#233;sagr&#233;gation, les classes dominantes et leur Etat r&#233;actionnaire n'ont m&#234;me pas r&#233;ussi &#224; l'appliquer comme il faut.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Actuellement, avec l'approfondissement de la crise, la situation s'est encore empir&#233;e. Ce marasme &#233;conomique s'est encore aggrav&#233; lors la derni&#232;re saison de cyclones de 2008 : non seulement la construction d'infrastructures annonc&#233;e n'a jamais &#233;t&#233; r&#233;alis&#233;e, mais en outre le gouvernement n'a pas pu expliquer la disparition d'un montant substantiel d'argent qui avait &#233;t&#233; r&#233;colt&#233; dans ce but.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Une autre caract&#233;ristique du moment &#233;tait la conjoncture politique : nous &#233;tions dans une crise globale &#224; la fois de la repr&#233;sentativit&#233; et de la l&#233;gitimit&#233; de la t&#234;te de l'Etat. Les &#233;lections s&#233;natoriales d'avril 2009 et le taux ridiculement bas de participation (autour du 5%) le prouvent amplement. D'autres &#233;lections, tr&#232;s d&#233;magogiques, de d&#233;put&#233;s et de maires, allaient avoir lieu fin f&#233;vrier. Aujourd'hui elles ont &#233;t&#233; annul&#233;es au &#171; bon moment &#187;. Mais il y avait d&#233;j&#224; toute une s&#233;rie de conflits autour de l'ex&#233;cutif, qui tentait d'obtenir une majorit&#233; presque absolue dans les deux chambres pour assurer sa permanence et pouvoir ensuite pr&#233;parer les &#233;lections pr&#233;sidentielles qui &#233;taient pr&#233;vues &#224; la fin de l'ann&#233;e avec un appareil enti&#232;rement gagn&#233; &#224; sa cause. Un parti appel&#233; &#171; Unit&#233; &#187;, compos&#233; des plus vils repr&#233;sentants de la canaille mafieuse et criminelle, voil&#224; l'outil choisi par Ren&#233; Preval [le Pr&#233;sident] pour confirmer la &#171; continuit&#233; &#187; de ce processus de d&#233;faite totale devant le projet n&#233;olib&#233;ral le plus abjecte de l'imp&#233;rialisme, dont un salaire minimum cruel (moins de deux dollars par jour !), un taux de ch&#244;mage catastrophique et une domination-r&#233;pression extr&#234;me sont les caract&#233;ristiques les plus &#233;videntes.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Pour d&#233;fendre ce projet et assurer son application au vu de l'incapacit&#233; chronique des classes dominantes ha&#239;tiennes et de leur Etat r&#233;actionnaire, ce projet imp&#233;rialiste &#233;tait soutenu ouvertement par les forces militaires de l'ONU [Minustah], qui occupaient d&#233;j&#224; concr&#232;tement le pays depuis six ans sous pr&#233;texte d'avoir &#233;t&#233; &#171; appel&#233;es &#187; par ces m&#234;mes dirigeants ha&#239;tiens. Six ans durant lesquels la r&#233;pression avait augment&#233; sans cesse et le r&#244;le de ces forces d'occupation &#233;tait devenu de plus en plus clair.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Cette &#171; continuit&#233; &#187; assur&#233;e par Preval arrivait &#224; un moment o&#249; l'antagonisme de politiciens bourgeois d&#233;fendant diff&#233;rentes fractions dominantes &#233;tait &#224; son comble, &#224; tel point que plusieurs de ces organisations, partis et regroupements d' &#171; opposition &#187; avaient d&#233;cid&#233; de ne pas participer aux prochains scrutins de f&#233;vrier 2010 en invoquant des fraudes d&#232;s le d&#233;but du processus &#233;lectoral. Le principal et v&#233;ritable &#171; chef &#187; de ce processus dominant, l'imp&#233;rialisme (notamment am&#233;ricain), avait certainement quelques contradictions avec l'Etat mafieux et criminel dans lequel s'&#233;tait immerg&#233; l'ex&#233;cutif de Pr&#233;val, et avec le fait qu'il visait &#224; le devenir encore davantage.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Mais au moment dont nous parlons, l'imp&#233;rialisme le soutenait encore clairement, rassur&#233; par la pr&#233;sence des militaires internationaux et par la soumission tacite du commandement br&#233;silien.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Tout ceci nous rappelle que nous &#233;tions &#224; un moment r&#233;ellement explosif d'une v&#233;ritable bataille politique entre les factions dominantes. Le tremblement de terre du 12 janvier a d'une certaine mani&#232;re d&#233;masqu&#233; ces contradictions, mais en aucun cas il ne les a &#233;limin&#233;es. Plusieurs de ces regroupements d' &#171; opposition &#187; demandent d&#233;j&#224;, de fait, la d&#233;mission de Preval, ou du moins l' &#171; &#233;largissement du gouvernement &#187;.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Voil&#224; la situation devant laquelle se trouvaient les masses populaires. A plusieurs reprises, elles ont montr&#233; que ce qui se tramait au pouvoir ou autour de lui ne les int&#233;ressait pas. Leur absence d&#233;daigneuse et forte lors des derni&#232;res &#233;lections en avril 2009 &#233;tait tr&#232;s explicite. Elles ont ainsi d&#233;montr&#233; leur compr&#233;hension des diff&#233;rents &#171; jeux &#187; des dominants et s'en sont tenues &#233;loign&#233;es. Peu avant le 12 janvier, &#224; part quelques opportunistes qui soutenaient le processus dominant, la grande majorit&#233; des travailleurs et des masses populaires en g&#233;n&#233;ral se pr&#233;parait, en silence, &#224; le boycotter comme elle l'avait d&#233;j&#224; fait.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Cependant cette attitude comportait quelques contradictions de taille. D'une part on voyait clairement que l'ex&#233;cutif ne pouvait continuer &#224; gouverner ainsi, mais que l'engrenage dans lequel il se trouvait ne lui permettait pas de s'en sortir. Il n'avait donc pas d'issu, il &#233;tait &#224; bout. Le pourrissement devenait d&#233;finitif. Mais en ce qui les concernait, les masses se rendaient &#233;galement compte que ce pourrissement &#233;tait en train d'entra&#238;ner le pays et d'abord elles-m&#234;mes dans l'ab&#238;me. Le manque d'une capacit&#233; subjective des masses &#224; s'opposer &#224; ce processus est alors devenu &#233;vident.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Malgr&#233; cela, dans la mesure o&#249; elles le pouvaient, d'une mani&#232;re certainement partielle et atomis&#233;e mais r&#233;solue, elles se battaient. Et c'est l&#224; une des caract&#233;ristiques les plus importantes de ce moment : le renouvellement de la mobilisation. Il y a eu la brutale mobilisation des &#233;meutes de faim en avril 2008, la forte mobilisation des ouvriers du textile qui revendiquaient une augmentation du salaire minimum &#224; 200 gourdes, la mobilisation de ceux qui avaient perdu de l'argent et des biens &#224; cause de ces coop&#233;ratives frauduleuses, la mobilisation des employ&#233;s des services publics pour obtenir les salaires qui ne leur avaient pas &#233;t&#233; vers&#233;s depuis des mois, les mobilisations r&#233;solues des &#233;tudiants et les fortes mobilisations d'ensemble aussi bien face au processus de privatisation des services publics que contre l'occupation...&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Face &#224; toutes ces revendications aussi l&#233;gitimes que justes, le pouvoir a r&#233;agi comme il l'a toujours fait, par la r&#233;pression. Que ce soit par l'interm&#233;diaire de la police nationale ou par la Minustah, sa seule r&#233;ponse a &#233;t&#233; la r&#233;pression. Ce qui a mis une fois de plus mis en &#233;vidence le degr&#233; de d&#233;cr&#233;pitude complet auquel s'agrippe ce pouvoir, devenu compl&#232;tement r&#233;actionnaire. Et du coup on est &#224; nouveau entr&#233; dans la p&#233;riode d'assassinats rappelant l'&#233;poque duvali&#233;riste : des assassinats politiques de militants progressistes qui dirigeaient les diff&#233;rentes luttes mentionn&#233;es.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Nous devons nous rappeler clairement ce contexte dans lequel se trouvait la formation sociale ha&#239;tienne lorsque s'est d&#233;clench&#233; le tremblement de terre du 12 janvier. Et comprendre que cette r&#233;alit&#233; n'a pas disparu, m&#234;me si pour le moment la douleur, la tristesse, le chaos, nous emp&#234;chent en tant que peuple de le voir ou m&#234;me de l'entrevoir.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
En m&#234;me temps, nous devons &#234;tre clairs sur les contradictions dans le flanc ennemi. Nous devons &#234;tre conscients qu'ils vont utiliser &#224; nouveau ces contradictions pour, une fois de plus, essayer de nous mystifier. Nous mystifier pour, justement, tenter d'occulter les contradictions fondamentales qui nous diff&#233;rencient fondamentalement d'eux. La contradiction Lavalas-GNP avait presque compl&#232;tement disparu, et celle de Lavalas-Lespwa &#233;tait en train de se dissiper, l' &#171; opposition &#187; bourgeoise a perdu de sa vigueur face &#224; cette catastrophe &#171; commune &#187;, et dans la situation actuelles d'autres contradictions pourraient avoir des difficult&#233;s &#224; se construire... N&#233;anmoins, ils tenteront toujours d'en construire une nouvelle pour nous diviser. Et le populisme, par nature, continuera &#224; faire fonctionner ses tares.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Malgr&#233; la d&#233;viation objective introduite par le tremblement de terre, les contradictions entre les masses populaires et leurs ennemis de classe restent explosives dans la formation sociale ha&#239;tienne, et un soul&#232;vement est &#224; tout moment possible.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans ce contexte une alternative politique doit absolument &#234;tre d&#233;velopp&#233;e, sans quoi, tout comme le tremblement de terre a aplati le terrain en se d&#233;veloppant, la pourriture emportera la formation sociale ha&#239;tienne que nous connaissons dans un ab&#238;me infini. Un retard peut &#234;tre fatal.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C'est dans ce contexte, si complexe et compliqu&#233;, qu'en un instant s'est d&#233;clench&#233; le tremblement de terre, suivi d'une profonde d&#233;vastation. Il s'agit donc d'une double situation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le cadre de la situation g&#233;n&#233;rale que nous avons rappel&#233;e ci-dessus, dans le cadre du projet de domination et d'exploitation illimit&#233;e de l'imp&#233;rialisme et des classes dominantes, et malgr&#233; tous les types d' &#171; aide &#187; qu'ils sont en train de fournir, la mis&#232;re va augmenter. Par exemple, les quelques fabriques de textiles qui ont rouvert leurs portes, continuent &#224; pratiquer le m&#234;me salaire, alors m&#234;me que les tarifs de production ont doubl&#233;, car, disent les propri&#233;taires, &#171; il y a du retard &#187; ! De m&#234;me, certains commerces, services et entreprises locales profitent de la situation pour ne pas verser le salaire minimum qui leur &#233;choit, en all&#233;guant &#171; ne pas &#234;tre en mesure de le faire &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Entre-temps, l'imp&#233;rialisme envahit chaque jour avec plus de force. Notamment sous le couvert inesp&#233;r&#233; de l' &#171; aide humanitaire &#187;. Il est vrai que vu les conditions dans lesquelles se trouve le pays, nous avons besoin d'une &#171; aide humanitaire &#187;. N&#233;anmoins, ce dont nous aurions vraiment besoin, c'est d'une r&#233;elle solidarit&#233;. Aujourd'hui, tel qu'il est, le monde ne peut se permettre de se manifester &#224; un degr&#233; &#233;lev&#233; &#8211; et aussi naturel &#8211; d'humanit&#233;, mais cette solidarit&#233; existe bel et bien. Plusieurs camarades de notre classe, de notre camp, se mobilisent et continuent de se mobiliser dans le cadre de cette solidarit&#233; dont nous parlons. Cela se fait sur des positions politiques claires sur ce qui est en train de se passer globalement, sur la mani&#232;re dont les choses se passent, et en tenant compte, participent activement &#224; les clarifier encore davantage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L '&#171; aide humanitaire &#187; que nous connaissons actuellement est celle qui rend possible de retrouver les morts, de traiter dans l'imm&#233;diat les malades, de soigner les enfants... c'est ainsi qu'ils envoient des m&#233;decins avec des m&#233;dicaments, de l'eau, des tentes... Mais il y a l&#224; une sorte de paravent. Plus s&#233;rieusement et &#224; long terme, ils utilisent cette &#171; aide &#187; pour consolider leur domination et l'approfondir encore davantage. Les Etatsuniens, par exemple, qui sont les principaux protagonistes de ce d&#233;ploiement &#171; humanitaire &#187;, sont arriv&#233;s avec une force militaire disproportionn&#233;e : ils ont d&#233;ploy&#233; plus de 16'000 combattants qui sont arriv&#233;s par terre ou dans des navires de guerre, avec du mat&#233;riel de guerre. Ils arrivent m&#234;me dans des porte-avions ! Autrement dit, ils pourraient &#224; tout moment proc&#233;der &#224; des bombardements... Ils patrouillent de nuit comme de jour, et sous pr&#233;texte de &#171; s&#233;curit&#233; &#187; ils contr&#244;lent tout rassemblement dans des lieux publics, et surtout dans des quartiers populaires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En m&#234;me temps, il est &#233;vident que cette &#171; aide &#187; &#8211; autrement dit l'implantation de ce contr&#244;le territorial &#8211; correspond aux objectifs g&#233;opolitiques de ces imp&#233;rialistes dans le cadre de leur projet de contr&#244;le de la r&#233;gion. C'est ce que montrent clairement aussi bien la permanence des diff&#233;rentes bases en Am&#233;rique latine que la r&#233;activation de la Quatri&#232;me flotte et les derniers accords en date sign&#233;s par Obama avec Uribe en Colombie. Dans ce projet global, Ha&#239;ti devient un point cl&#233; central inesp&#233;r&#233; (m&#234;me s'il a &#233;t&#233; longtemps d&#233;sir&#233;). Les imp&#233;rialistes sont en train de d&#233;velopper la d&#233;pendance dans le peuple &#224; travers ce processus, en fin de compte si d&#233;shumanisant, et de transformer ouvertement l'occupation en une tutelle qu'ils voudraient d&#233;finitive (maintenant ils disent qu'ils resteront &#171; le temps utile &#187;). En ce sens, les paroles du premier ministre fantoche (Bellerive) qui admettait &#171; il est vrai, nous sommes en train de perdre &#171; une partie &#187; de notre souverainet&#233; &#187; sont un pur mensonge. Aujourd'hui, Ha&#239;ti a perdu toute sa souverainet&#233; !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Or il faut se rappeler que cette domination a d&#233;j&#224; compl&#232;tement &#233;chou&#233;. C'est pr&#233;cis&#233;ment elle qui nous a conduits dans la situation chaotique qui r&#232;gne actuellement. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous devons nous demander dans l'int&#233;r&#234;t de qui, de quelles personnes, de quelle classe, se fera la &#171; reconstruction &#187; dont ils parlent. Et il faut comprendre qu'elle se fera contre nous. Pour commencer, comme le font d&#233;j&#224; les bourgeois-g&#233;rants ici, qui sont des repr&#233;sentants inconditionnels des int&#233;r&#234;ts des multinationales, les salaires de mis&#232;re que nous connaissons seront maintenus. Clinton lui-m&#234;me s'est r&#233;cemment d&#233;masqu&#233; lorsqu'il a expliqu&#233; aux capitalistes : &#171; le moment est venu de gagner de l'argent &#224; Ha&#239;ti &#187;. Et il est clair que cet argent sera gagn&#233; gr&#226;ce aux v&#233;ritables salaires de mis&#232;re que nous connaissons et au pillage des derni&#232;res ressources naturelles qui restent dans ce territoire malmen&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Parall&#232;lement, les forces imp&#233;rialistes auront soutenu ce sordide appareil d'Etat en place. Gr&#226;ce au renforcement de leur puissance militaire, ils vont s'appuyer sur cet &#233;difice pourri, tout en organisant son rapide remplacement par des coordinations internationales. Tout en manifestant une pr&#233;occupation morale qui prend appui sur une propagande hautement mystificatrice, ils continuent &#224; avancer dans ce projet historique qu'ils portent par nature.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Compte tenu des contradictions qu'ils ont avec l'Etat mafieux et criminel qu'ils soutenaient, on peut se demander quels arrangements concrets ils envisagent, quels int&#233;r&#234;ts pr&#233;cis sont en train de s'articuler actuellement ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette &#171; aide &#187;, avec l'agressivit&#233; si &#233;vidente des Etatsuniens, soul&#232;ve &#233;galement des contradictions entre les diff&#233;rents pays imp&#233;rialistes. Il est certain que l'h&#233;g&#233;monie &#233;tatsunienne tend &#224; diminuer les contradictions en cours. Mais nous ne devons pas nous laisser distraire pas cet aspect. Il faut les prendre pour ce qu'ils sont, et rester vigilants &#224; leur &#233;gard. Un autre danger, tout aussi important, est qu'en passant par-dessus les d&#233;cisions des Ha&#239;tiens, les imp&#233;rialistes vont tenter de prendre les d&#233;cisions entre eux, m&#234;me s'ils disent tous qu'ils le feront &#171; dans le cadre des institutions l&#233;gales en place &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A c&#244;t&#233; de l'Etat pourri qui est justement &#171; en place &#187;, ceci nous conduit directement aux pratiques des ONG. Ces derni&#232;res ont toujours d&#233;tourn&#233; les masses populaires de leurs mobilisations de lutte, elles ont toujours conserv&#233; une diff&#233;rentiation de salaire avec leurs employ&#233;s locaux, ce qui contribuait &#224; les &#233;loigner graduellement de leurs origines de classe ; elles ont toujours impos&#233; leurs d&#233;cisions en mati&#232;re de sant&#233;, d'&#233;ducation, et plus largement dans le domaine social, et aujourd'hui ces ONG repr&#233;sentent une des formes que prendra la tutelle.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour pouvoir relever cet &#233;norme d&#233;fi, nous devrons tenir compte de tous ces diff&#233;rents dangers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Que faire pour relever ce d&#233;fi, &#224; partir de quels int&#233;r&#234;ts de classe ?&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Depuis le d&#233;but de la p&#233;riode historique qui a d&#233;but&#233; avec le d&#233;part de Jean-Claude Duvalier en 1986, les masses populaires, les travailleurs et la classe ouvri&#232;re se sont trouv&#233;s devant un d&#233;fi tr&#232;s important. Maintenant il l'est devenu encore davantage. Il est indispensable que nous fassions preuve de tout notre courage pour y faire face. Nous avons d&#233;j&#224; mentionn&#233; quelques dangers importants qui nous guettent. Pour les affronter nous devons faire en sorte qu'ils soient rapidement et correctement compris. Et ce ne sera pas facile en ce moment, avec les terribles cons&#233;quences du tremblement de terre.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Nous devrons chercher la meilleure mani&#232;re de communiquer notre message en l'articulant avec la r&#233;alit&#233; concr&#232;te v&#233;cue dans chaque lieu et &#224; chaque instant. Il faudra &#233;galement articuler la compr&#233;hension de la situation avec l'obligation d'y faire face. Aujourd'hui plus que jamais, il s'agira d'articuler le mieux possible l'agitation et la propagande. La meilleure forme trouv&#233;e devra trouver le moyen pour amener les masses &#224; comprendre la situation, pour qu'elles puissent se pr&#233;parer &#224; l'affronter.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C'est par notre pr&#233;sence directe aupr&#232;s des masses, la pr&#233;sence directe de tous les travailleurs, des ouvriers les plus conscients, de chaque personne progressiste cons&#233;quente, que nous pourrons avancer vers cet objectif. Il ne s'agira pas d' &#171; attendre &#187; passivement la soi-disant &#171; aide &#187;, ni de sombrer dans le d&#233;couragement. L'ennemi compte justement sur notre d&#233;couragement, il compte sur le fait que nous contenterons d'attendre, il compte sur la d&#233;pendance des masses &#224; leur &#233;gard, d&#233;pendance qui augmentera effectivement si nous laissons le contr&#244;le de ce processus nous &#233;chapper.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il faut &#233;videmment que nous continuions &#224; vivre, d'autant plus apr&#232;s cette catastrophe si terrible. Mais notre vie en tant que travailleur, en tant que peuple, est &#233;galement une bataille. Surtout depuis cette catastrophe. Dans notre strat&#233;gie de vie, dans notre strat&#233;gie pour appliquer la ligne correcte du moment, nous devons accorder une grande importance aux dangers que nous avons mentionn&#233;s pr&#233;c&#233;demment. Nous devons aider &#224; comprendre ce qui se &#171; joue &#187; r&#233;ellement, et ce de toutes les mani&#232;res possibles, par notre pr&#233;sence directe dans les quartiers qui sont encore debout, dans les places publiques occup&#233;es, dans les usines et les industries qui fonctionnent d&#233;j&#224;, dans la presse, dans nos propres familles... Partout nous devons faire conna&#238;tre et d&#233;noncer cette terrible catastrophe qui nous attend et qui projette de d&#233;truire ce qui reste de notre pays.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Comme d&#233;j&#224; dit, il se trame beaucoup de choses n&#233;gatives. Pour y faire face, il est n&#233;cessaire de maintenir les int&#233;r&#234;ts des travailleurs en tant qu'axe central, d'une mani&#232;re positive. Il faudra transformer les aspects n&#233;gatifs en positifs. Pour cela, une fois de plus, ce sont les int&#233;r&#234;ts des travailleurs qui doivent &#234;tre mis en avant. Pour cela nous devons r&#233;fl&#233;chir et comprendre comment ces int&#233;r&#234;ts vont &#234;tre affect&#233;s par la catastrophe, ce qui exige &#224; son tour de calculer les cons&#233;quences mat&#233;rielles, &#233;conomiques et politiques du tremblement de terre, mais aussi d'&#233;valuer comment les classes ennemies pr&#233;tendent s'organiser pour en profiter. Notre pr&#233;sence militante doit enfin appara&#238;tre rapidement parmi les masses et vigoureusement sur la sc&#232;ne politique elle-m&#234;me.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En attendant, &#224; tout moment et sous toutes les formes possibles, il doit exister et se d&#233;velopper entre nous et les masses encore davantage de solidarit&#233;. Cela implique que nous prenions des initiatives, aussi bien dans le pays lui-m&#234;me qu'&#224; l'ext&#233;rieur. Cela implique aussi que nous puissions recevoir la solidarit&#233; en provenance de nos camarades, amis et alli&#233;s. Nous devons nous organiser dans ce sens. Encore une fois, nous &#233;tablissons une claire distinction entre cette solidarit&#233; et l' &#171; aide &#187; que laissent les imp&#233;rialistes. Il est clair que cette solidarit&#233; repr&#233;sentera tr&#232;s peu face &#224; l' &#171; aide &#187; qui arrive, mais elle est fondamentale. Nous devons la consid&#233;rer dans un esprit de lutte, avec l'objectif de construire le Camp du peuple, seul camp qui peut sortir le pays de l'ab&#238;me o&#249; il se trouve, le seul qui puisse sortir l'humanit&#233; de la trag&#233;die qui est la sienne aujourd'hui.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;N&#233;anmoins, et tout en &#233;tant conscients de tous les probl&#232;mes et des d&#233;viances que comporte cette &#171; aide &#187;, il faudra trouver un moyen pour qu'elle soit rentable pour nous, les masses populaires. Pour commencer, il faut se battre pour qu'elle arrive l&#224; o&#249; nous sommes, l&#224; o&#249; on en a besoin. Ensuite, lorsqu'elle arrive, nous devons &#234;tre pr&#234;ts &#224; la recevoir, &#224; la distribuer. Il faut qu'il y ait des comit&#233;s qui se chargent de cela. Ceux-ci doivent &#234;tre autonomes, laissant ainsi les bases pour la construction-d&#233;veloppement d'organisations autonomes des masses populaires. L&#224; aussi nous devrons lutter contre ceux qui s'organisent uniquement pour en tirer un profit personnel, ceux qui ont toujours &#233;t&#233; caract&#233;ris&#233;s comme des pillards, des malfrats. Dans une situation aussi terrible, il faut, dans la mesure du possible, convaincre ceux d'entre eux qui ont quelque conscience d'agir de mani&#232;re incorrecte et tenter de les int&#233;grer dans notre processus. En ce qui concerne ceux qui insistent, il faudra lutter de mani&#232;re ad&#233;quate contre leurs agissements. Nos comit&#233;s doivent &#234;tre honn&#234;tes, s&#233;rieux, clairs, collectifs, bien organis&#233;s, fermes, dynamiques et combatifs. Combatifs, puisqu'en plus des difficult&#233;s qui peuvent surgir entre des gens ali&#233;n&#233;s des masses, nous devrons surtout faire face &#224; l'offensive des classes dominantes, dans le cadre de leur projet de domination-exploitation qui encore &#8211; et peut-&#234;tre plus que jamais &#8211; d'actualit&#233;. C'est la raison pour laquelle nos comit&#233;s de r&#233;ception de l' &#171; aide &#187; doivent se transformer consciemment en comit&#233;s de lutte. Soit en tant que brigade de r&#233;sistance face aux pillards, soit, encore une fois et surtout, face aux man&#339;uvres des classes dominantes et leur Etat r&#233;actionnaire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nous savons en effet par exemple que ces derniers ont des projets de nous d&#233;placer dans des &#171; camps de sinistr&#233;s &#187;, loin de la ville, loin de nos lieux de vie, sans se pr&#233;occuper de comment et o&#249; nous travaillerons, sans &#233;coles, sans parler d'universit&#233; ou d'autres centres sociaux qui pourraient nous convenir. Bref, sans se pr&#233;occuper le moins du monde de comment nous allons vivre.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A cause de tout cela, il faudra non seulement mettre sur pied le plus rapidement possible nos comit&#233;s, mais aussi nommer une coordination effective entre eux, dans le cadre de notre bataille actuelle, mais aussi pour la suite. Les principaux responsables, d&#251;ment &#233;lus par tous, doivent d&#233;j&#224; s'atteler &#224; centraliser et synth&#233;tiser les demandes, les souhaits et les revendications de tous et les retourner de nouveau &#224; tous d'une mani&#232;re organis&#233;e, sous une forme plus avanc&#233;e, en tant que projets. C'est ainsi que nous rendrons notre pratique interne plus dynamique, de mani&#232;re &#224; ce que, une fois mieux organis&#233;s et forts, nous puissions faire face correctement &#224; l'ennemi et &#224; son projet mortif&#232;re.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il faut &#233;galement savoir que dans leur logique rachitique, les classes dominantes ont conclu que puisque Port-au-Prince &#233;tait d&#233;truit, le pays l'&#233;tait &#233;galement. Il ne faut pas accepter cette logique ! Outre le fait qu'elle se base sur l'incapacit&#233; de l'Etat, elle tend &#224; favoriser encore davantage leur d&#233;sir de centraliser le pouvoir, de le maintenir, gr&#226;ce aux forces arm&#233;es &#233;trang&#232;res de tout genre qui sont plus concentr&#233;es dans la capitale. Il ne faut pas accepter cela. Nous devons diffuser et appliquer notre compr&#233;hension de la situation et notre conception de l'action dans tout le pays, sur tout le territoire. Les militants et les travailleurs conscients doivent profiter du mouvement centrifuge de grandes masses pour diffuser partout la compr&#233;hension et la mobilisation qui s'impose.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En plus de tout cela, nous devons le plus t&#244;t possible avancer dans les luttes globales qui nous touchent et qui sont plus que jamais &#224; l'ordre du jour. Contre la privatisation, contre la domination... et contre l'occupation !. Parall&#232;lement et en m&#234;me temps, il faudra revenir au plus vite avec les principales revendications de chaque classe de notre Camp, de chaque secteur des masses populaires. De fait, la r&#233;forme agraire doit d&#233;j&#224; &#234;tre appliqu&#233;e, fermement ; les &#233;coles doivent &#233;voluer de mani&#232;re totalement positive pour nous, de m&#234;me en ce qui concerne l'Universit&#233;, nos quartiers, nos salaires, les services publics... Et pour commencer, tout le monde qui le peut devrait &#234;tre en train de travailler ! Et tous ceux qui le peuvent devraient avoir un avenir assur&#233;, dans le cadre d'un plan bien articul&#233; entre travail agricole, industriel, de services et technique. Un projet g&#233;n&#233;ral assurant les int&#233;r&#234;ts des travailleurs, et d&#251;ment sous le contr&#244;le des travailleurs, sous notre contr&#244;le.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nous devons &#234;tre clairs sur le fait que l'Etat actuel ne pourra pas faire tout cela, ne voudra pas le faire, ce n'est pas notre Etat, ni un Etat des travailleurs. Cet Etat est un Etat bourgeois, un Etat des classes dominantes, un Etat pro-imp&#233;rialiste, un Etat contre les travailleurs et contre le peuple. Le contexte qui existait lorsque le tremblement de terre a frapp&#233; et que nous avons rappel&#233; plus haut nous le prouve abondamment. Cet Etat n'est pas l&#224; pour r&#233;aliser nos int&#233;r&#234;ts, pour nous permettre d'atteindre nos objectifs, m&#234;me tr&#232;s partiellement. Si nous voulons pouvoir r&#233;aliser concr&#232;tement nos int&#233;r&#234;ts &#224; court, &#224; moyen et &#224; long terme, nous avons besoin d'un autre Etat !&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
On peut ais&#233;ment comprendre que tout cela n&#233;cessitera une lutte. La &#171; reconstruction &#187; dont ils parlent se fera sur un terrain politique national concret. Comme nous l'avons d&#233;j&#224; mentionn&#233;, les classes dominantes travaillent de pair avec l'imp&#233;rialisme pour cr&#233;er les conditions pour consolider leur propre politique. Ils ne sont nullement int&#233;ress&#233;s &#224; ce que la &#171; reconstruction &#187; se fasse en dehors de ce projet, avec une priorit&#233; donn&#233;e &#224; nos propres int&#233;r&#234;ts. Ce sont eux qui, depuis d&#233;j&#224; plus de 200 ans, ont &#171; construit &#187; cette situation d'ordure que nous avons actuellement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nous devrons proc&#233;der &#224; la construction de notre pays en mettant en avant nos propres int&#233;r&#234;ts, les int&#233;r&#234;ts des masses populaires, des travailleurs. Cela n'a jamais &#233;t&#233; fait ici, et c'est l'unique solution pour sortir le pays de l'ab&#238;me dans lequel ils l'ont pr&#233;cipit&#233;.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
C'est la raison pour laquelle nous devons avoir et d&#233;velopper notre propre ligne strat&#233;gique et tactique. Elaborer des revendications imm&#233;diates, en notant nos objectifs &#224; long terme, avec une ligne tactique et une articulation pr&#233;cises. Par exemple, si nous voulons viser le contr&#244;le des travailleurs dont nous parlons et que nous souhaitons tous, comment pourrions-nous, apr&#232;s cette terrible catastrophe, accepter &#224; nouveau les mis&#233;rables 125 gourdes qui nous ont &#233;t&#233; inflig&#233;es dans le textile ? Et pour les autres travailleurs, comment pourraient-ils accepter &#224; nouveau les mis&#233;rables 200 gourdes ? Non ! On ne peut accepter des salaires de mis&#232;res comme avant ! Et pour pouvoir nous en sortir nous-m&#234;mes de cette situation calamiteuse dans laquelle nous nous trouvons, nous devrons lutter. Lutter pour nous en sortir nous-m&#234;mes, sans attendre toujours qu'on vienne nous &#171; aider &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;M&#234;me si nous pouvons nous trouver dans la situation, par n&#233;cessit&#233; extr&#234;me, d'accepter qu'on nous vienne en aide aujourd'hui, nous devons trouver une autre mani&#232;re de sortir de cette &#233;ternelle situation dans laquelle ils nous ont eux-m&#234;mes plong&#233;s. Sortir de cette situation dans laquelle les bourgeois font toujours de nous ce qu'ils veulent, et o&#249; l'Etat ne fait que soutenir ces individus sanguinaires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C'est en luttant pour nos revendications imm&#233;diates que nous nous organiserons pour la suite.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les ouvriers, les travailleurs et les progressistes cons&#233;quents doivent travailler sans rel&#226;che pour que l'ensemble des masses populaires s'int&#233;ressent &#224; ces questions fondamentales, et s'engagent de mani&#232;re r&#233;solue pour les r&#233;soudre. Cela contribuera &#224; les sortir d'une logique qui nous fait d'attendre qu'on fasse pour nous. Car nous savons tr&#232;s bien, puisque nous l'avons exp&#233;riment&#233; au cours la p&#233;riode pr&#233;c&#233;dant le tremblement de terre, que leur plan, qu'il soit partiel ou global, n'est pas le n&#244;tre.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si nous posons clairement d'embl&#233;e que notre v&#233;ritable construction-reconstruction s'articule d'abord dans notre plan strat&#233;gique, nous devrons aussi &#234;tre pr&#233;sents sur cette question d&#232;s maintenant, au lieu de laisser simplement les imp&#233;rialistes et l'Etat pourri se charger de cette question seuls et ainsi de mani&#232;re facile poursuivre leurs propres int&#233;r&#234;ts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;D'embl&#233;e nous devons poser que cette reconstruction n'est pas seulement physique (infrastructures, services qu'ils doivent nous rendre, logements corrects, transports ad&#233;quats et bien &#233;tudi&#233;s, &#233;tablissant des relations fluides entre les diff&#233;rentes parties de la ville qui nous concernent...).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il s'agit aussi et surtout de relations sociales : le projet de reconstruction est avant tout un projet social. Avec une nouvelle conception du d&#233;veloppement agricole et industriel et de ses articulations, o&#249; un Etat fort et comp&#233;tent d&#233;cidera de mani&#232;re autonome des formes concr&#232;tes de mobilisation des ressources, avec une politique &#233;trang&#232;re totalement et radicalement diff&#233;rente, en commen&#231;ant par la &#171; d&#233;soccupation &#187; du pays, lequel r&#233;cup&#233;rerait son enti&#232;re souverainet&#233; dans le cadre de nos d&#233;cisions fondamentales... Une souverainet&#233; politique !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour accomplir tout cela, il faudra &#233;tablir de nouveaux rapports sociaux dans la production et dans la vie en g&#233;n&#233;ral. Si ce nouvel Etat continue &#224; avoir besoin d'une &#171; aide &#187;, ce qui '&#234;tre le cas, cela se fera selon une nouvelle conception, dans laquelle la pratique en cours sera, comme nous l'avons d&#233;j&#224; dit, une v&#233;ritable solidarit&#233;, celle qui existe entre travailleurs, entre peuples naturellement fr&#232;res.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Sans cette lutte, l'Etat &#171; en place &#187; continuera &#224; &#234;tre un Etat laquais et vil. Avec cet Etat-l&#224;, la &#171; reconstruction &#187; se fera au prix d'une d&#233;pendance fatale, sous une occupation effective qui se transformera en une tutelle objective qui augmentera de jour en jour, malgr&#233; tous discours mystificateurs des &#171; gouvernants &#187;, qui expriment simplement le fait qu'ils n'ont pas encore re&#231;u le montant esp&#233;r&#233; pour remplir leurs poches.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En donnant toujours la priorit&#233; aux int&#233;r&#234;ts des travailleurs, nous, du Camp du peuple, r&#233;aliserons ensemble la construction n&#233;cessaire. Dans Batay Ouvriye nous travaillons dans ce sens. Notre pratique face &#224; la catastrophe doit nous conduire ensemble sur la sc&#232;ne politique. De m&#234;me, nos pratiques face &#224; la catastrophe doivent s'int&#233;grer dans celles que nous avons toujours eues, alors qu'elles-m&#234;mes doivent surgir &#224; nouveau : il s'agit d'un double mouvement, et c'est la seule mani&#232;re d'envahir cette sc&#232;ne politique de mani&#232;re r&#233;ellement autonome. Il s'agit de prendre l'ennemi dans un mouvement de tenaille.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avec la m&#234;me conception dialectique, la pratique de la lutte doit &#233;galement &#234;tre men&#233;e sur le plan international. Bien articul&#233;es, les deux doivent prendre le rythme d'une nouvelle phase. Toutes les organisations progressistes du pays devaient &#233;tudier cette proposition transitoire, et, dans la mesure du possible, commencer &#224; l'appliquer tout de suite chaque fois qu'elles la trouvent appropri&#233;e. Une coordination effective sera alors n&#233;cessaire, qui respecte l'autonomie de chacun, mais clairement en tant qu'un pas suppl&#233;mentaire, tr&#232;s important, dans la formation du Camp du Peuple.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Nous devons dire qu'une telle pratique est d&#233;j&#224; en cours, non seulement sur le terrain mais &#233;galement sur le plan international. La v&#233;ritable solidarit&#233; est en marche en Am&#233;rique latine, en Europe, en Afrique... et m&#234;me aux Etats-Unis. Cela se fait en incluant &#224; la fois des rapprochements politiques, soit initiaux, soit qui confirment ceux qui &#233;taient d&#233;j&#224; &#233;tablis. Ensemble, avec nos camarades solidaires, nous continuons &#224; avancer fermement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pendant ce temps, &#224; l'int&#233;rieur du pays, nous les ouvriers, les travailleurs de tout genre, progressistes cons&#233;quents, nous devons continuer &#224; avancer. Dans la lutte actuelle et vers nos objectifs les plus profonds. L'ennemi d&#233;tient aujourd'hui une capacit&#233; r&#233;pressive beaucoup plus importante gr&#226;ce &#224; toutes les forces arm&#233;es qui ont d&#233;barqu&#233; sans demander la permission, sous le pr&#233;texte d' &#171; aide humanitaire &#187;. Mais, justement, pour pouvoir continuer &#224; vivre au plan politique, il faut que nous continuions &#224; avancer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8226; Sans tr&#234;ve et avec force nous devons rendre clair pour tous ce contre quoi nous sommes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8226; Sans tr&#234;ve et avec force, nous devons rendre clair pour tous ce pour quoi nous luttons.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8226; Sans tr&#234;ve et avec force, nous devons le faire de suite, maintenant.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#8226; Rapidement et sans cesse nous devons rendre clair pour tous ce que nous sommes en train de faire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8226; En m&#234;me temps, nous devons faire que plus de gens s'unissent sur ces objectifs.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#8226; De mani&#232;re structur&#233;e, bien organis&#233;, sans tr&#234;ve et avec force, jusqu'&#224; la victoire. &#187;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Voil&#224; le tract que nous diffusons.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;N'h&#233;sites pas &#224; me donner ton avis l&#224; dessus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je t'envoie mes meilleures salutations et je compte bien t'&#233;crire prochainement avec de meilleures nouvelles&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anatole&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Courrier envoy&#233; &#224; Anatole en Martinique&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cher Achille&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comme je te le disais, les derniers combats se sont sold&#233;s par un d&#233;compte du rapport de forces tellement d&#233;favorable pour nous que nos efforts d'organisation semblaient vou&#233;s &#224; l'&#233;chec. Nous nous sommes heurt&#233;s &#224; des tentatives de d&#233;tourner l'auto-organisation dans le sens de groupes miliciens voulant profiter de la situation pour remettre sur notre dos une arm&#233;e, des milices de bandits et de profiteurs. Difficile dans ces conditions ceux qui veulent organiser un v&#233;ritable changement de ceux qui veulent seulement tirer leur &#233;pingle du jeu pour profiter du d&#233;sordre et du chaos&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;J'&#233;tais en train de repenser au dernier combat des occupants de camps de tentes. Il s'&#233;tait sold&#233;, comme je te l'ai rapport&#233;, par un &#233;chec au camp du stade qui venait d'&#234;tre retransform&#233; en terrain de foot pour la F&#233;d&#233;ration ha&#239;tienne de foot avec d&#233;j&#224; un grand match tr&#232;s m&#233;diatis&#233; et ayant re&#231;u une audience populaire vue l'effort des autorit&#233;s nationales et internationales quand je me suis finalement assoupi entrant dans un sommeil heurt&#233; et violent d&#251; &#224; trop de soucis et de lourdes responsabilit&#233;s face aux &#233;v&#233;nements.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quand j'ai pris conscience qu'il se passait quelque chose d'anormal, que le bruit n'&#233;tait pas celui des &#233;v&#233;nements courants, je me suis aper&#231;u qu'une foule &#233;norme manifestait, joyeuse, exub&#233;rante. L'&#233;quipe de foot de Port-au-Prince venait en effet, m'a-t-on dit, de gagner le match international qui avait &#233;t&#233; programm&#233; pour lancer le nouveau stade.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le besoin de joie, de d&#233;foulement, de bonnes nouvelles &#233;tait tel dans la population de la capitale que la nouvelle avait eu un effet extraordinaire, inattendu des organisateurs de l'&#233;v&#233;nement eux-m&#234;mes. L'enthousiasme avait pris en tour si expansif qu'il avait fait brutalement tomber toutes les barri&#232;res et hommes, femmes et enfants s'&#233;taient joints dans une incroyable mar&#233;e humaine qui avait d&#233;ferl&#233; dans les rues de la capitale, une foule majoritairement marqu&#233;e par la mis&#232;re mais entrainant aussi tous les milieux par sa masse, son &#233;lan, son dynamisme et son allure joyeuse et bon enfant. Impossible &#224; quiconque de s'y soustraire d&#232;s qu'elle passait &#224; port&#233;e, comme il est impossible &#224; un arbuste de ne pas &#234;tre emport&#233; par le courant du fleuve sorti de son lit ayant grossi sous la temp&#234;te. Impossible &#224; quiconque &#233;tait atteint par la vague de s'en soustraire, qu'il soit simple passant ou officiel, riche ou pauvre, policier, fonctionnaire, militaire &#233;tranger ou fonctionnaire. On ne pouvait pas refuser de suivre le cours de ce tsunami humain qui emportait tout sur son passage. La bienveillance de cette foule bigarr&#233;e et remuante n'enlevait rien &#224; sa force et &#224; son inflexible d&#233;termination. Aucun barrage n'&#233;tait laiss&#233; en place. Tous les contr&#244;les que comporte la capitale &#233;taient balay&#233;s, toutes les grilles forc&#233;es, toutes les gu&#233;rites enlev&#233;es. R&#233;sister ou suivre de bon gr&#233; &#233;tait du pareil au m&#234;me.Il semblait que cette vague humaine ne pourrait jamais s'&#233;taler tant elle rec&#233;lait d'&#233;nergie et de gaiet&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mais le d&#233;fil&#233; se transformait progressivement et de mani&#232;re inattendu par de multiples transformations d'abord imperceptibles et qui brutalement lui donnaient un tour nouveau. La danse avait ainsi succ&#233;d&#233; &#224; la marche. Elle transformait d'autant plus les participants que des costumes tr&#233;pidants s'&#233;taient infiltr&#233;s. Un peu comme au carnaval, ils donnaient une ambiance survolt&#233;e, avec masques, costumes, ambiance devenue survolt&#233;e, &#233;lectrique, fi&#233;vreuse, charg&#233;e d'une fi&#232;vre &#233;lectrique. Des personnages tout couverts de poudre blanche s'&#233;taient m&#234;l&#233;s &#224; la foule, dansant de mani&#232;re quasi mystique et donnant au cort&#232;ge une allure nouvelle et impressionnante. Impossible de savoir si tout cela &#233;tait spontan&#233; ou organis&#233;. Et, dans ce cas, par qui ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Un autre tour des &#233;v&#233;nements &#233;tait l'apparition brusque et &#233;tonnante des tambours. Tu ne peux pas savoir &#224; quel point des tambours, au sein d'une masse dansante, dans une ambiance d&#233;j&#224; charg&#233;e de fi&#232;vre peut donner un caract&#232;re extraordinaire &#224; la foule. Je ne sais si cela est propre &#224; Ha&#239;ti, mais je suis certain qu'ici ce ph&#233;nom&#232;ne est bien r&#233;el. Les tambours, heurt&#233;s &#224; un rythme sp&#233;cial, avaient commenc&#233; &#224; prendre entre leurs mains nos c&#339;urs et nos esprits. O&#249; voulaient-ils nous mener, ces tambours, eux qui avaient contribu&#233; brutalement &#224; donner un caract&#232;re beaucoup plus heurt&#233; &#224; notre manifestation, plus violent, plus radical. D&#233;sormais, la r&#233;volte devenait une force qui s'exprimait dans les masses rassembl&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;D'un seul coup, on a vu se transmettre de mains en mains des centaines de bidons de rhum venus d'on ne sait o&#249;. Et aucun participant ou passant qui c&#244;toyait la manifestation ne pouvait se refuser &#224; participer &#224; la joyeuse libation, qu'il s'agisse d'un citoyen quelconque ou d'un uniforme, policier ou militaire. Le r&#233;fractaire &#233;tait imm&#233;diatement entour&#233; et abandonn&#233; seulement quand il avait &#233;t&#233; bel et bien gorg&#233; de liquide alcoolis&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nul n'aurait pu oser refuser de trinquer et de retrinquer &#224; la victoire de Port-au-Prince et &#224; la victoire d'Ha&#239;ti ! Mais au fait, qui se souciait &#224; ce moment de quelle victoire il s'agissait ? Quel combat avait donn&#233; un tel attroupement, une telle joie ? Plus personne ne s'en souciait ! Il suffisait qu'elle soit l&#224; et que l'on puisse enfin s'y livrer&#8230; C'&#233;tait enfin le peuple ha&#239;tien dans son extraordinaire &#233;lan qui venait de se retrouver, de se recr&#233;er, de s'inventer &#224; nouveau avec son courage, sa ferveur, son enthousiasme, sa solidarit&#233; et aussi&#8230; sa r&#233;volte.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pas une seule garnison militaire, pas un seul groupe policier, pas un seul site officiel, pas un seul bureau de fonctionnaires qui &#233;tait visit&#233; par les manifestants n'a pu r&#233;sister &#224; la p&#233;n&#233;tration, se refuser &#224; l'enthousiasme communicatif, refuser les libations, les danses, les cris. Les casernes, les gu&#233;rites, les postes de surveillance, les camps militaires et m&#234;me les prisons allaient recevoir cette masse chantante, hurlante, criante et dansante, sans pouvoir jamais s'y soustraire. Tout le monde &#233;tait d&#233;sormais aux mains de la marche, de ses rythmes, de son alcool, sans m&#234;me savoir comment tout cela avait &#233;t&#233; possible.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Georges et moi, en collant au plus pr&#232;s aux tambours, &#233;tions parvenus &#224; rester ensemble par miracle et &#224; garder la t&#234;te de la marche o&#249; nous avions fini par retrouver nombres de camarades de notre groupe ainsi que ceux du groupe vaudouisant r&#233;volutionnaire. On aurait dit un coup mont&#233; alors que cela ressemblait en m&#234;me temps &#224; un heureux hasard. Qu'allait-il sortir de cette situation et qui l'avait pr&#233;par&#233;e ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Un des membres du groupe vaudouisant r&#233;volutionnaire m'avait clign&#233; de l'&#339;il, comme un signe entendu :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Bien jou&#233;, le coup du rhum et des tambours, comme si c'&#233;tait nous qui avions maniganc&#233; cela !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il avait rajout&#233; :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; On a pris quelques armes au passage dans une armurerie de caserne. On tourne vers la pr&#233;sidence et on va l'envahir. Au passage, il faut d&#233;sarmer le groupe de militaires des forces internationales de gr&#233; ou de force. On fonce tant que l'effet de surprise permet d'agir sans r&#233;action possible.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C'est seulement quand notre groupe, bien arm&#233;, s'est retrouv&#233; face aux soldats des forces internationales, pr&#234;t &#224; tirer que&#8230; je me suis brutalement r&#233;veill&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;J'&#233;tais tout en sueur, encore plein de mon r&#234;ve, nullement pr&#234;t &#224; l'effacer ou &#224; y renoncer. Et, d'un seul coup, j'ai r&#233;alis&#233; &#224; quel point ce r&#234;ve me montrait que je n'avais jamais renonc&#233; &#224; ma confiance dans la transformation brutale de la situation, au passage de la r&#233;volte et du d&#233;sespoir extr&#234;me &#224; l'action et &#224; l'espoir extr&#234;me. Combien je me pr&#233;parais, m&#234;me en dormant, &#224; de tels renversements de situation, comme je restais joyeux &#224; l'id&#233;e de combats &#224; venir et confiant dans les capacit&#233;s du peuple travailleur de renverser toutes les cha&#238;nes dont on avait voulu l'affubler.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tu vois &#224; mon r&#233;cit que rien n'est perdu tant qu'on garde confiance dans l'&#233;lan des masses et qu'on n'est pas intoxiqu&#233; par le d&#233;sespoir qui veut faire de nous des mendiants et des esclaves ob&#233;issants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Compte sur moi pour te donner des nouvelles de nos combats. Mais, comme tu le vois, si de tels r&#234;ves peuvent &#234;tre un jour ceux de milliers de gens, alors la r&#233;alit&#233; ressemblera bient&#244;t &#224; mon r&#233;cit&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Racontes moi ce que tu en penses et comment tu imagines toi aussi les suites&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anatole &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.google.fr/search?hl=fr&amp;q=ha%C3%AFti+site%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.matierevolution.fr+OR+site%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.matierevolution.org&amp;btnG=Recherche&amp;meta=&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;A lire sur Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Les multiples r&#233;voltes et r&#233;volutions d'Ha&#239;ti</title>
		<link>https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article5483</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article5483</guid>
		<dc:date>2019-10-09T22:05:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Robert Paris</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Gr&#232;ve Strike</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Manifestation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>R&#233;volution bourgeoise</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Ha&#239;ti</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>R&#233;volte</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Lutte des classes- Class struggle</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Les multiples r&#233;voltes et r&#233;volutions d'Ha&#239;ti &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Mars 1495 : A Ha&#239;ti, les Espagnols organisent une grande chasse &#224; l'esclave et rassemblent 1500 Arawaks (hommes, femmes et enfants), qu'ils parquent dans des enclos sous la surveillance d'hommes et de chiens. Cinq cent d'entre eux sont embarqu&#233;s vers l'Espagne. Deux cent meurent pendant la travers&#233;e, et les survivants sont mis en vente d&#232;s leur arriv&#233;e. Colomb vend chaque indien pour 5000 maravedis. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Avril 1502 : Nicol&#225;s de Ovando s'active (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?rubrique29" rel="directory"&gt;3&#232;me chapitre : R&#233;volutions bourgeoises et populaires&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot46" rel="tag"&gt;Gr&#232;ve Strike&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot95" rel="tag"&gt;Manifestation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot112" rel="tag"&gt;R&#233;volution bourgeoise&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot119" rel="tag"&gt;Ha&#239;ti&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot139" rel="tag"&gt;R&#233;volte&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot295" rel="tag"&gt;Lutte des classes- Class struggle&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Les multiples r&#233;voltes et r&#233;volutions d'Ha&#239;ti&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mars 1495 : A Ha&#239;ti, les Espagnols organisent une grande chasse &#224; l'esclave et rassemblent 1500 Arawaks (hommes, femmes et enfants), qu'ils parquent dans des enclos sous la surveillance d'hommes et de chiens. Cinq cent d'entre eux sont embarqu&#233;s vers l'Espagne. Deux cent meurent pendant la travers&#233;e, et les survivants sont mis en vente d&#232;s leur arriv&#233;e. Colomb vend chaque indien pour 5000 maravedis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avril 1502 : Nicol&#225;s de Ovando s'active tant &#224; la &#171; colonisation &#187; de Ha&#239;ti qu'en 1507 elle ne comptera plus que 60 000 indig&#232;nes, les autres &#233;tant morts de maladie, dans les travaux forc&#233;s ou au cours de la r&#233;pression des r&#233;voltes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8220; Dans l'&#238;le de Ha&#239;ti &#8221;, dit Handelmann, &#8220; le nombre des indig&#232;nes trouv&#233;s par les Espagnols se montait en 1492 &#224; un million, en 1508 il n'en reste plus que 60 000 et neuf ann&#233;es plus tard, 14 000, de sorte que les Espagnols durent recourir &#224; l'importation d'Indiens des &#238;les voisines pour avoir la main-d'&#339;uvre n&#233;cessaire. Pendant la seule ann&#233;e 1508, 40 000 indig&#232;nes des &#238;les Bahama furent transport&#233;s &#224; Ha&#239;ti et transform&#233;s en esclaves. &#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1522 : R&#233;volte des noirs &#224; Ha&#239;ti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1523 : R&#233;volte des noirs &#224; Saint-Domingue.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1537 : R&#233;volte des noirs &#224; Saint-Domingue.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1548 : R&#233;volte des noirs &#224; Saint-Domingue.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1691 : r&#233;volte des noirs d'Ha&#239;ti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1697 : Partage de l'&#238;le entre la France et l'Espagne&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1718 : &#224; Saint-Domingue, se forme la bande de marrons de Baboruco qui regroupe jusqu'&#224; 800 esclaves.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans les ann&#233;es 1750, l'esclave Fran&#231;ois Mackandal organise la lutte contre l'esclavage en Ha&#239;ti. Le tonnerre des tambours retentissait &#224; Ha&#239;ti : dans la r&#233;gion du Cap, le mahom&#233;tan Mackandal, manchot &#224; qui l'on attribuait des pouvoirs lycanthropiques, entreprenait une r&#233;volution par le poison, introduisant dans les maisons et les &#233;levages des virus inconnus qui foudroyaient les hommes et les animaux domestiques. Il pr&#233;pare du poison &#224; partir de plantes et le distribue aux esclaves afin que ces derniers le m&#233;langent aux boissons ou aux aliments des Fran&#231;ais. Il devient un chef charismatique et unit les bandes d'esclaves marrons. Il cr&#233;e un r&#233;seau d'organisations secr&#232;tes dans les plantations. Contre celles-ci, il dirige plusieurs actions nocturnes d'esclaves, &#224; la lueur des flambeaux, et ils tuent leurs propri&#233;taires. Accus&#233; de &#171; s&#233;duction, profanation et empoisonnement &#187; par l'autorit&#233; coloniale fran&#231;aise, il est condamn&#233; &#224; mort par un arr&#234;t du 20 janvier 1758 et livr&#233; le jour-m&#234;me au b&#251;cher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Grande r&#233;volte des Noirs d&#233;buta en ao&#251;t 1791 &#224; la suite de la C&#233;r&#233;monie de Bois-Ca&#239;man, dans la plaine du Nord : plus de 1 000 Blancs furent tu&#233;s et les plantations incendi&#233;es. Le 14 ao&#251;t 1791, Bookman d&#233;bute une action collective, concert&#233;e, consciente, organis&#233;e, et qui t&#233;moigne m&#234;me d'une capacit&#233; politique hors du commun&#8230; Il commence par pr&#233;parer l'action en r&#233;unissant les insurg&#233;s en pleine nuit &#224; Bois-Ca&#239;man. Ce sont des milliers d'esclaves du nord de l'ile qui s'y retrouvent et programment la jacquerie pour le 22 ao&#251;t 1791. L'information n'a pas filtr&#233; et les esclavagistes fran&#231;ais sont totalement pris par surprise. Ils sont aussi surpris par l'ampleur de cette r&#233;volte, par son organisation, par sa violence, par sa dur&#233;e. Une fois d&#233;marr&#233;e, la r&#233;volte frappe syst&#233;matiquement ses ennemis, sans piti&#233;&#8230; De plus, la r&#233;volte d'esclaves ne cesse de s'&#233;tendre, non seulement &#224; l'ile d'Ha&#239;ti mais aussi &#224; la Guadeloupe et &#224; Sainte-Lucie. La R&#233;publique fran&#231;aise, qui est toujours esclavagiste, est contrainte de reculer devant la force du mouvement de lib&#233;ration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sous la conduite de leurs chefs &#8212; dont les plus importants furent Toussaint Louverture et Jean-Jacques Dessalines &#8212; les Noirs pass&#232;rent d'une r&#233;volte &#224; une guerre de lib&#233;ration en s'alliant d'abord aux Espagnols de Saint-Domingue, en guerre contre la nouvelle R&#233;publique fran&#231;aise. De nombreux Blancs, royalistes, soutinrent les Britanniques ou les Espagnols. Les commissaires de la Convention, guid&#233;s &#224; la fois par leur id&#233;al et la n&#233;cessit&#233; de se trouver des alli&#233;s, proclam&#232;rent la libert&#233; des esclaves ; Sonthonax, le 29 ao&#251;t 1793, pour la province du Nord, et Polverel, progressivement jusqu'en octobre dans les provinces du Sud et du Centre.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En 1800, Dessalines, &#224; la t&#234;te de l'arm&#233;e r&#233;volutionnaire des Noirs, contr&#244;le le Sud et l'Ouest d'Ha&#239;ti. En 1804, il proclame l'ind&#233;pendance d'Ha&#239;ti. Dessalines est proclam&#233; empereur 9 mois apr&#232;s. Il est assassin&#233; en 1806.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1844 : Division de l'&#238;le en 2 parties : Ha&#239;ti et R&#233;publique dominicaine&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En septembre 1883, devant une insurrection bourgeoise &#224; Port-au-Prince, le pr&#233;sident noir Lysius Salomon fit massacrer 4 000 mul&#226;tres. Il fallut la menace d'une intervention &#233;trang&#232;re pour que le calme revint. Salomon, n&#233;anmoins, sut r&#233;tablir les finances du pays ; il acheva le paiement de la dette. Il d&#233;veloppa l'enseignement secondaire et rural. Devant une double r&#233;volte de Port-au-Prince et des cacos, il dut s'exiler en ao&#251;t 1888.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;27 juillet 1915 : Lynchage du pr&#233;sident pro-imp&#233;rialiste Vilbrun Guillaume Sam. Une r&#233;volte populaire se d&#233;clencha &#224; la suite du massacre des prisonniers politiques sur l'ordre du pr&#233;sident Vilbrun Guillaume. Ne pouvant dominer la situation, il se r&#233;fugia &#224; la L&#233;gation Fran&#231;aise qui fut viol&#233;e par la populace qui l'en arracha pour ensuite le lyncher. Les Am&#233;ricains qui avaient pris position dans le port du Cap-Haitien re&#231;urent l'ordre de se rendre en toute urgence &#224; Port-au-Prince. Ils y d&#233;barqu&#232;rent le lendemain et occup&#232;rent officiellement Ha&#239;ti pendant 21 ans.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; la fin de l'ann&#233;e 1919, le pays fut en &#233;tat d'insurrection. Les paysans arm&#233;s, surnomm&#233;s &#171; cacos &#187; furent jusqu'&#224; 40 000. Leurs chefs les plus connus furent Charlemagne P&#233;ralte et Beno&#238;t Batraville qui all&#232;rent jusqu'&#224; attaquer la capitale, Port-au-Prince en octobre 1919. Il fallut deux ans aux Marines am&#233;ricains pour mater la r&#233;volte au prix de plus de deux mille morts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En octobre 1937, se d&#233;roule un massacre d'Ha&#239;tiens en R&#233;publique dominicaine. Ce fut un &#233;v&#232;nement dramatique survenu &#224; la suite de la d&#233;cision du pr&#233;sident de la R&#233;publique dominicaine, Rafael Le&#243;nidas Trujillo Molina, d'&#233;liminer physiquement les membres de la communaut&#233; ha&#239;tienne travaillant dans les plantations dominicaines qui ne subissaient pas passivement leur exploitation. Ce massacre organis&#233; par l'arm&#233;e dominicaine, sous le nom d'&#034;Op&#233;ration Perejil&#034; va causer la mort d'environ 20 000 Ha&#239;tiens, hommes, femmes et enfants. Ce massacre est surnomm&#233; &#034;Kouto-a&#034; ou kout kouto (le couteau) par les Ha&#239;tiens. Il se d&#233;roula pr&#232;s de la fronti&#232;re ha&#239;tiano-dominicaine le long de la rivi&#232;re du Massacre nomm&#233;e ainsi depuis ce carnage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'ann&#233;e 1957 fut troubl&#233;e de putschs, attentats et scandales pour finir par mettre en place un pouvoir sanguinaire capable d'&#233;craser la r&#233;volte du peuple ha&#239;tien. Le pr&#233;sident provisoire Daniel Fignol&#233; fut d&#233;fait par le chef de l'arm&#233;e qu'il avait nomm&#233; lui-m&#234;me un mois plus t&#244;t. En septembre 1957, l'arm&#233;e organisa des &#233;lections : le m&#233;decin Fran&#231;ois Duvalier, dit &#171; Papa Doc &#187;, fut &#233;lu pr&#233;sident de la R&#233;publique, gr&#226;ce au soutien des Noirs qui virent en lui le moyen de mettre fin au r&#232;gne des Mul&#226;tres. Le r&#233;gime s'appuya sur une milice paramilitaire, les Volontaires de la s&#233;curit&#233; nationale surnomm&#233;s les &#171; tontons macoutes &#187;. Avec cette garde pr&#233;torienne personnelle, il neutralisa l'arm&#233;e, sema la terreur dans tout le pays et parvint &#224; &#233;touffer toute r&#233;sistance. En f&#233;vrier 1971, Fran&#231;ois Duvalier organisa un pl&#233;biscite pour d&#233;signer son fils, Jean-Claude, comme successeur.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1984 : Plus de 200 paysans furent massacr&#233;s &#224; Jean-Rabel apr&#232;s une manifestation pour l'acc&#232;s &#224; des propri&#233;t&#233;s terriennes. La Conf&#233;rence des &#233;v&#234;ques ha&#239;tiens lan&#231;a un programme d'instruction partout dans le pays (mais de courte dur&#233;e).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En 1984, pour la premi&#232;re fois depuis le d&#233;but de la dictature des Duvalier, des &#233;meutes &#233;clat&#232;rent, et les populations des bidonvilles mirent au pillage les entrep&#244;ts de nourriture. Les &#233;meutes anti-gouvernementales eurent lieu dans toutes les villes principales du pays.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les premi&#232;res &#233;meutes ont commenc&#233; en mai 1984 dans la ville de Gona&#239;ves. Malgr&#233; la r&#233;pression habituelle, les &#233;chauffour&#233;es et les manifestations ne cess&#232;rent pas. Les &#233;coliers et les lyc&#233;ens manifestaient aux cris de : &#171; A bas la mis&#232;re, &#224; bas le ch&#244;mage &#187;. A Raboteau, Gona&#239;ves, le 14 mai, les premi&#232;res pancartes sont sorties, inscrivant clairement ce que tout le monde pense : Aba la mize. Les ministres, envoy&#233;s sur les lieux, sont insult&#233;s. Les manifestations suivent les paroles et elles gagnent La Fossette au Cap, puis Hinche. La r&#233;volte du peuple a commenc&#233; et elle n'est pas pr&#234;te de s'&#233;teindre&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En mai 1984, le bidonville de La Fossette, au Cap, s'&#233;meute.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En 1984, les &#233;meutes des Gona&#239;ves lancent le soul&#232;vement de tout un peuple : jeunesse, femmes, travailleurs, ti kominote legliz (communaut&#233;s eccl&#233;siales de base) et organisations paysannes. C'est &#224; Gona&#239;ves, la capitale symbole de l'ind&#233;pendance d'Ha&#239;ti &#224; l'&#233;poque de la premi&#232;re r&#233;publique noire de Dessalines en 1804, que la r&#233;volte populaire prend un tour massif et public. D&#233;j&#224;, en mai 1984, des manifestations contre la dictature &#224; Gona&#239;ves avaient pris un tour explosif.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Le 28 octobre 1985, Pollux Saint-Jean, enfant de Gona&#239;ves, est arr&#234;t&#233; sans jugement. Le peuple manifeste aux cris de &#171; R&#233;clamons Pollux &#187; qui se transforment vite en manifestations avec pancartes : &#171; ABA JAN KLOD &#187;, &#171; ABA LA KONSTITUSYON &#187;, &#171; ABA LA DIKTATI, VIV LAME &#187;. Cette derni&#232;re mention favorable aux petits soldats est caract&#233;ristique des manifestations &#224; Gona&#239;ves car il semble qu'en cette localit&#233;, les soldats soient r&#233;ticents pour appliquer les mesures anti-populaires du pouvoir. Ce n'est pas ainsi que l'arm&#233;e est per&#231;ue dans nombre d'autres r&#233;gions, particuli&#232;rement dans les zones campagnardes. Le 27 novembre 1985, le mot d'ordre &#171; A bas Jean-Claude ! &#187; est lanc&#233; sur les ondes de Radio Lumi&#232;re. Le ministre Alix Cin&#233;a, d&#233;p&#234;ch&#233; sur place, fait face au peuple des bidonvilles de Gona&#239;ves qui ne s'en laisse pas compter. D&#233;sormais, ce n'est pas avec du blabla gouvernemental que l'on va calmer le peuple. Les &#233;chauffour&#233;es reprennent. Les tracts &#224; la main circulent avec marqu&#233; clairement &#171; Jean Clod asasin, aleousan ! &#187;. Les manifestants entrent dans les coll&#232;ges et entra&#238;nent massivement les jeunes dans la rue.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 28 novembre 1985, l'arm&#233;e et la milice tirent et tuent &#224; Gona&#239;ves : trois jeunes &#233;coliers sans armes sont abattus en plein jour. D&#233;sormais, les noms de Jean-Robert Cius (19 ans), Michel Mackenson (12 ans) et Daniel Isra&#235;l ne vont pas cesser d'hanter la r&#233;volte jusqu'au d&#233;part de B&#233;b&#233; Doc le sanglant. Dans la rue de Gona&#239;ves, les jeunes demandent justice et sont suivis de ceux de Marchand-Dessalines, petite ville de l'Arbonite. Toute la jeunesse du pays se mobilise et pousse les a&#238;n&#233;s &#224; s'engager dans le mouvement. La radicalisation n'est pas pr&#234;te de retomber. Les communaut&#233;s religieuses sont d&#233;bord&#233;es par la r&#233;volte et l'accompagnent.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A Gona&#239;ves, les manifestants se sont impos&#233;s face &#224; l'arm&#233;e. Ils &#233;taient partiellement arm&#233;s de machettes et de couteaux et tr&#232;s d&#233;termin&#233;s. L'arm&#233;e a &#233;t&#233; contrainte de reculer. Les manifestants ont d&#233;sarm&#233; des policiers et des soldats et se sont empar&#233;s de fusils. Ils ont &#233;t&#233; un exemple pour le petit peuple dans l'ensemble du pays. Le d&#233;choukage a commenc&#233;&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En janvier 1986, malgr&#233; les tentatives de Duvalier de r&#233;primer, les manifestations gagnent l'ensemble du pays.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 8 janvier 1986, &#224; Gona&#239;ves, les forces de l'ordre tirent et tuent Dieulifet Petit, un ouvrier boulanger.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La mutinerie commence &#224; menacer le r&#233;gime. Est-ce le fait de soldats r&#233;volt&#233;s ou de grad&#233;s qui pr&#233;parent l'avenir sentant le vent tourner ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 14 janvier 1986, appara&#238;t le &#171; MOSOLDA, Mouvman solda lame dayiti &#187; (mouvement des petits soldats contre la dictature).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 25 janvier 1986, la &#171; D&#233;claration num&#233;ro un &#187; du Comit&#233; provisoire pour l'organisation de la lutte du peuple ha&#239;tien affirmait : &#171; Pour arriver &#224; pr&#233;parer une gr&#232;ve nationale en vue de d&#233;chouquer ce r&#233;gime dictatorial par h&#233;ritage, pour r&#233;ussir &#224; reb&#226;tir une terre d'Ha&#239;ti o&#249; cessera l'exploitation, o&#249; le peuple pourra avoir droit &#224; la sant&#233;, l'&#233;ducation pour ses enfants, la s&#233;curit&#233;, la libert&#233; en tout ce dont un peuple vaillant a besoin pour vivre, IL FAUT S'ORGANISER.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour cela, chaque ville, chaque localit&#233;, chaque section rurale, chaque quartier formera un comit&#233; de lutte populaire. Ces comit&#233;s seront responsables de la circulation de l'information et de la coordination des actions faites dans le pays. Tous les comit&#233;s populaires devront rester secrets et travailler sous le manteau afin que les espions ne les mangent pas. &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 28 janvier 1986, trois personnes sont encore abattues au Cap. Trois autres meurent pendant les op&#233;rations d'embauchage des braceros &#224; L&#233;ogane. Les manifestations contre l'embauche deviennent violentes &#224; L&#233;ogane et &#224; La Croix-des-Bouquets. Le 27, le tribunal civil et le parquet des Gona&#239;ves sont incendi&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au Cap Ha&#239;tien, 40 000 manifestants se retrouv&#232;rent le 29 janvier 1986 pour demander le d&#233;part de Duvalier.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Partout en province, les jeunes tenaient t&#234;te aux miliciens et aux soldats qui tiraient et tuaient. A Port-au-Prince, les &#171; tontons macoutes &#187; &#233;taient concentr&#233;s et regroup&#233;s. L'&#233;tat de si&#232;ge fut d&#233;cr&#233;t&#233; &#224; partir du 30 janvier 1986 au soir.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 7 f&#233;vrier 1986, apr&#232;s des semaines de manifestations antigouvernementales, le &#171; pr&#233;sident &#224; vie &#187; Jean-Claude Duvalier, dit B&#233;b&#233; Doc, est chass&#233; du pouvoir et se r&#233;fugie en France. L'annonce de la chute de Duvalier est suivie de d&#233;choukage dans tout le pays. Les macoutes sont violemment pris &#224; partie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 7 f&#233;vrier 1986, Duvalier est tomb&#233; et l'annonce de sa chute, loin de calmer, entra&#238;ne un v&#233;ritable soul&#232;vement populaire. Des manifestations de masse dans tout le pays tournent au d&#233;choukage des macoutes connus. Partout, naissent des organisations spontan&#233;es qui discutent de l'avenir du pays.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 26 avril 1986, l'arm&#233;e allait donner une preuve de ce qu'elle estimait &#234;tre le danger. Une grande manifestation du souvenir s'avan&#231;ait vers Fort Dimanche, la caserne o&#249; furent arr&#234;t&#233;s et tortur&#233;s bon nombre des 30.000 Ha&#239;tiens victimes de Duvalier. Soudain l'arm&#233;e tire sur la manifestation pacifique : six morts. Le nouveau pouvoir issu de la chute de Duvalier n'avait pas attendu pour annoncer la couleur ! Ce n'est que le d&#233;but d'une longue s&#233;rie de crimes de l'arm&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mais cela ne suffit pas &#224; faire rentrer dans le rang un peuple travailleur qui vient de commencer &#224; mesurer sa force. La chute de Duvalier signifie aussi que les travailleurs s'organisent, luttent, se battent contre leurs patrons. La chape de plomb de la dictature ne joue plus son r&#244;le.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En mars 1986, le capitaline Diderot Sylvain gifle un chauffeur et est pris &#224; parti par la population pauvre qui s'attaque aux militaires. L'arm&#233;e r&#233;pond par une r&#233;pression f&#233;roce, faisant de nombreux morts. Des barricades sont &#233;rig&#233;es par le peuple dans les rues. Le nouveau pouvoir ne vaut pas plus cher que l'ancien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 26 avril 1986, la fusillade de Fort Dimanche montre une fois de plus que le pouvoir militaire est l'ennemi du petit peuple d'Ha&#239;ti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 7 novembre 1986, 200.000 manifestants sont dans la rue pour Charlot Jacquelin&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 17 novembre 1986, une gr&#232;ve g&#233;n&#233;rale se d&#233;clenche pour obtenir la dissolution du CNG. Le parti stalinien le PUCH appara&#238;t alors comme une force radicale. Avec les Ti-L&#233;gliz, ce sont les militants les plus radicaux. Les milieux populaires croient &#224; ce moment disposer d'organisations qui vont vouloir vraiment d&#233;macoutiser le pouvoir... Mais c'&#233;tait une illusion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La mont&#233;e populaire est marqu&#233;e par la manifestation du 10 juillet dans les rues de Port-au-Prince, avec les drapeaux rouges du PUCH et Theodore en t&#234;te. Mais le radicalisme du PUCH ne va pas durer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Du 23 au 28 juillet 1987, 250 paysans de Jean Rabel &#233;taient assassin&#233;s par la milice priv&#233;e de Poitevin et de Lucas, montrant que le pouvoir du CNG soutenait les massacreurs... Ces assassinats devaient en encourager d'autres. Dans les campagnes, les macoutes d&#233;moralis&#233;s reprenaient confiance.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A partir de septembre 1987 jusqu'en septembre 1988, multiplication des massacres organis&#233;s par des groupes arm&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 29 novembre 1987, les &#233;lections sont annul&#233;es. Tous les candidats aux &#233;lections du 29 novembre 1987, y compris Gourgue et Theodore, savaient parfaitement que les chefs de l'arm&#233;e pr&#233;paraient un coup d'&#233;tat - le CNG avait &#224; peine cach&#233; son jeu - mais ils se gardaient bien d'en pr&#233;venir la population. ils craignaient plus que celle-ci s'arme et renverse le pouvoir que de risquer d'&#234;tre menac&#233;s par un coup d'&#233;tat militaire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 18 juin 1988, Namphy reprend le pouvoir et nomme, le 22 juin, un gouvernement de militaires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 10 septembre 1988, massacre au cours d'une messe &#224; Port-au-Prince. A coups de revolvers, de piques et de machettes, les hommes de main du g&#233;n&#233;ral Namphy font 13 morts et 70 bless&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Septembre 1988 D&#233;but de la r&#233;bellion des soldats qui d&#233;posent leurs commandants et leurs officiers sup&#233;rieurs. Il n'y aura aucune politique des organisations milieux populaires pour faire en sorte que le mouvement populaire se lie aux petits soldats pour d&#233;sarmer les g&#233;n&#233;raux, les grands propri&#233;taires et les classes dirigeantes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 18 septembre 1988, le g&#233;n&#233;ral Prosper Avril, chef de la garde pr&#233;sidentelle et ancien homme de confiance de B&#233;b&#233;Doc renverse Namphy. Durant toute l'ann&#233;e qui suit, le g&#233;n&#233;ral Avril &#233;chappe &#224; plusieurs tentatives de coup d'&#233;tat et ne peut r&#233;tblir la paix sociale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 31 mars 1989, un putsch militaire &#233;choue.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De ao&#251;t &#224; novembre 1989, la r&#233;pression par l'arm&#233;e ou les &#034;zenglendos&#034;, militaires reprenant les m&#233;thodes macoutes se d&#233;veloppe : enl&#232;vements, assassinats, tortures...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;7 et 8 novembre 1989, 22 novembre 1989 et 29 novembre 1989 : une s&#233;rie de gr&#232;ves g&#233;n&#233;rales contre la r&#233;pression&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 16 d&#233;cembre 1990, le p&#232;re Jean Bertrand Aristide, partisan de la &#171; th&#233;ologie de la lib&#233;ration &#187;, remporte haut la main l'&#233;lection pr&#233;sidentielle et devient pr&#233;sident le 7 f&#233;vrier 1991. Il est renvers&#233; le 30 septembre 1991 par un coup d'&#233;tat dirig&#233; par le g&#233;n&#233;ral Raoul C&#233;dras, commandant en chef de l'arm&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans la nuit du 6 au 7 janvier 1991 a lieu une mobilisation populaire spontan&#233;e pour faire barrage &#224; la tentative de confiscation de sa volont&#233; par l'ancien chef des &#171; tontons macoutes &#187; et les partisans de Roger Lafontant. Devant le coup d'&#233;tat de Lafontant, les masses populaires se mobilisent mais c'est Aristide qui les calme en leur disant de respecter l'ordre constitutionnel et d'attendre les &#233;lections&#8230; Les ouvriers sont alors une force importante de la mobilisation et tous les Aristide craignent plus les ouvriers que les coups d'&#233;tats militaires. A l'&#233;poque, il y avait 60.000 ouvriers dans la zone industrielle de Port-au-Prince (Sonapi et Parc Mews) et 8.000 ouvriers dans les anciennes entreprises industrielles (Hasco, la Minoterie, l'Acierie, la Cimenterie d'Ha&#239;ti&#8230;). Ils manifestent ensemble massivement le 10 juillet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 10 juillet 1991, manifestation ouvri&#232;re devant le parlement pour un salaire minimum de 28 gourdes&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En septembre 1991, &#224; la suite d'un putsch sanglant, suivi d'une violente r&#233;pression, une junte militaire dirig&#233;e par le g&#233;n&#233;ral Raoul C&#233;dras reprit le pouvoir. Alors que depuis son &#233;lection, Aristide n'avait cess&#233; de c&#233;l&#233;brer &#171; la r&#233;conciliation du peuple et de l'arm&#233;e &#187;, C&#233;dras et sa clique se charg&#232;rent de d&#233;montrer le contraire en soumettant le pays &#224; une sanglante r&#233;pression. Aristide s'exila aux &#201;tats-Unis. Ces derniers d&#233;cid&#232;rent le blocus &#233;conomique d'Ha&#239;ti, ce qui aggrava plus encore la vie dans l'&#238;le. Pouss&#233;s par la mis&#232;re, des milliers d'Ha&#239;tiens fuirent ou tent&#232;rent de fuir le pays. 29 septembre 1991 Avec le renversement d'Aristide par le g&#233;n&#233;ral C&#233;dras, celui qu'Aristide lui-m&#234;me avait nomm&#233; son chef d'Etat-major des arm&#233;es et dont le coup d'&#233;tat est soutenu par les classes dirigeantes, des massacres dans les quartiers populaires font 2000 morts en deux jours. De septembre &#224; f&#233;vrier 1992 : des milliers de morts, victimes de la r&#233;pression 30 septembre 1991- premiers jours d'octobre : Dans l'apr&#232;s-midi du 30 septembre, un commando de soldats se rend &#224; Lamentin 54, dans la banlieue de Port-au-Prince, ouvre le feu au hasard sur les pi&#233;tons et les maisons du quartier, et jette des grenades, toujours au hasard, dans plusieurs maisons du quartier, apparemment en repr&#233;sailles apr&#232;s l'assassinat d'un sergent de la caserne locale dans la matin&#233;e du 30. La r&#233;pression se poursuit pendant deux &#224; trois semaines, faisant un total de 30 &#224; 40 victimes. Selon des t&#233;moignages recueillis par la Commission V&#233;rit&#233; et Justice, plusieurs cadavres auraient &#233;t&#233; jet&#233;s dans des fosses communes creus&#233;es &#224; proximit&#233; du quartier sur ordre des soldats ; plusieurs jeunes auraient &#233;galement &#233;t&#233; ex&#233;cut&#233;s apr&#232;s avoir creus&#233; ces fosses ; d'autres cadavres auraient &#171; &#233;t&#233; disparus &#187; apr&#232;s avoir &#233;t&#233; emmen&#233;s en camion. 1er et 2 octobre 1991 : Lors du Coup d'&#201;tat militaire, &#224; Martissant, un quartier de Port-au-Prince, pendant les deux jours qui suivirent le Coup d'&#201;tat, des soldats et des attach&#233;s paramilitaires terrorisent la population locale et tuent au moins sept individus, dont un mineur. Cette tuerie aurait &#233;t&#233; organis&#233;e apr&#232;s l'incendie du domicile d'un lieutenant de l'arm&#233; dans la nuit du 30 septembre au 1er octobre. 2 octobre 1991 : Lors du Coup d'&#201;tat militaire, trente civils sont tu&#233;s dans la m&#234;me journ&#233;e &#224; Cit&#233;-Soleil, un bidonville &#224; l'ouest de Port-au-Prince, connu pour abriter de nombreux partisans du pr&#233;sident Aristide, par des soldats de l'arm&#233;e, apr&#232;s l'attaque d'un commissariat local. 2 octobre 1991 : Au moins 7 personnes sont tu&#233;es aux Gonaives, dont un enfant et un adolescent, par l'arm&#233;e lors d'une manifestation de soutien au pr&#233;sident Aristide.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;F&#233;vrier 1992, la r&#233;pression s'intensifie dans les quartiers populaires, les partisans d'Aristide sont pourchass&#233;s. Les 40.000 ouvriers de la zone industrielle de Port-au-Prince sont licenci&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En 1994, la Cit&#233; Soleil mise &#224; feu et &#224; sang. Quelque 70 hommes, femmes et enfants sont morts lors d'une attaque lanc&#233;e par des membres du FRAPH contre un quartier pauvre de Port-au-Prince connu sous le nom de Cit&#233; Soleil, en d&#233;cembre 1993. Certains ont &#233;t&#233; br&#251;l&#233;s vifs dans l'incendie provoqu&#233; par les membres du FRAPH, d'autres ont &#233;t&#233; abattus alors qu'ils tentaient d'&#233;chapper aux flammes. Plusieurs personnes ont &#233;t&#233; port&#233;es manquantes, leur corps n'ayant pu &#234;tre retrouv&#233;. Selon certaines sources, les militaires et les policiers se sont content&#233;s de regarder tandis que les sapeurs-pompiers, lesquels d&#233;pendent de l'arm&#233;e, n'ont rien fait ou rien pu faire pour lutter contre l'incendie. Il semble que l'attaque ait &#233;t&#233; men&#233;e en repr&#233;sailles de la mort d'un militant du FRAPH tu&#233; la veille au soir. Selon des groupes locaux de d&#233;fense des droits de l'homme, les habi&#172;tants du bidonville n'&#233;taient pas responsables de sa mort. Attaques r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;es contre le bidonville de Raboteau pr&#232;s de Gona&#239;ves&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;28 mai 1999 : La Police Nationale Ha&#239;tienne (PNH) tue 11 personnes dans la nuit du 27 au 28 mai, dans un bidonville au-dessus du quartier de Carrefour-Feuilles, &#224; Port-au-Prince, &#224; l'issue d'une patrouille de routine &#224; l'origine. Selon les examens m&#233;dico-l&#233;gaux de la MICIVIH, r&#233;alis&#233;s dans les jours qui suivent, il s'agit d'ex&#233;cutions extrajudiciaires &#171; men&#233;es de sang froid &#187;, les 11 individus ayant eu les mains attach&#233;es dans le dos et &#233;tant allong&#233;s sur le ventre au moment de la mort. Huit des onze victimes n'&#233;taient pas arm&#233;es. Bien que cette tuerie ne semble pas avoir de racines politiques, elle provoque une &#233;motion consid&#233;rable dans la population car elle constitue la premi&#232;re grande tuerie depuis le retour de la d&#233;mocratie et sugg&#232;re donc que les tactiques violentes de la Police Ha&#239;tienne, qui avait remplac&#233; les Forces Arm&#233;es d'Ha&#239;ti en 1994, contre les pauvres n'ont pas cess&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En 2003, le retournement de certains chefs de gangs contre le pouvoir, conjugu&#233; &#224; une mobilisation populaire massive d&#233;fiant la violence du r&#233;gime, pr&#233;cipitent la d&#233;stabilisation du cr&#233;dit et du pouvoir d'Aristide. Les manifestations massives de 2003-2004 conduisent finalement &#224; la chute d'Aristide&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;11 f&#233;vrier 2004 : &#201;v&#233;nement nomm&#233; &#171; massacre de la scierie &#187; par les m&#233;dias ha&#239;tiens. Cinquante personnes, membres de RAMSICOM (parfois orthographi&#233; RAMICOS), une organisation populaire d'opposition au pr&#233;sident Aristide, sont tu&#233;es dans le quartier dit de la Scierie, &#224; Saint-Marc (d&#233;partement de l'Ouest), par des partisans arm&#233;s et ill&#233;gaux de Jean-Bertrand Aristide, commun&#233;ment appel&#233;s chim&#232;res, et dirig&#233;s par l'organisation Bal&#233; Wouz&#233; , dont le leader, Amanus Mayette, est alors d&#233;put&#233; au Parlement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les troupes d'occupation franco-am&#233;ricaines ont d&#233;barqu&#233; en Ha&#239;ti, le 1er mars 2004.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;29 septembre 2004, nouvelle intervention des USA pour enlever du pouvoir Aristide.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les &#233;meutes de la faim de 2008 d&#233;stabilisent &#224; nouveau le pouvoir et ram&#232;nent la politique dans la rue. R&#233;voltes de la faim et r&#233;pression font des quantit&#233;s de victimes&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La gr&#232;ve ouvri&#232;re pour les 200 gourdes de 2009 s'&#233;tend, trouve le soutien des jeunes et des &#233;tudiants, menace de devenir le centre politique de la r&#233;volte populaire.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Un rapport de la Minustah reconna&#238;t l'&#233;chec de son op&#233;ration politique et militaire en Ha&#239;ti et pr&#233;conise de mettre Ha&#239;ti sous tutelle avec occupation militaire massive.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2010 : le s&#233;isme qui d&#233;truit une partie de l'&#238;le sert de pr&#233;texte &#224; une intervention am&#233;ricaine et imp&#233;rialiste contre le peuple travailleur ha&#239;tien. L'occupation militaire se poursuit jusqu'&#224; aujourd'hui, bien loin de ses pr&#233;textes sismologiques !!! C'est le s&#233;isme social et r&#233;volutionnaire du peuple travailleur d'Ha&#239;ti qui la motive&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 30 septembre 2012, apr&#232;s des journ&#233;es d'&#233;meutes au Cap Ha&#239;tien, Port-au-Prince conna&#238;t la premi&#232;re manifestation antigouvernementale depuis l'&#233;lection de Martelly &#224; l'occasion de la comm&#233;moration du coup d'&#201;tat du 30 septembre 1991 contre Aristide. Les violentes manifestations de septembre et octobre 2012 proclament : &#171; Nap pran beton si pap gen anyen ki f&#232;t &#187; (si rien n'est fait, nous prendrons la rue).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les manifestations massives de fin novembre 2013 t&#233;moignent encore de la d&#233;fiance populaire vis-&#224;-vis d'un pouvoir ne disposant d'aucun ancrage militant et malgr&#233; un activisme certain, incapable de r&#233;soudre aucun des probl&#232;mes criants sociaux et politiques d'Ha&#239;ti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2015 : r&#233;volte contre les arnaques du pouvoir des corrompus pour l'aide &#224; la reconstruction.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2017 : gr&#232;ves de l'&#233;ducation, du textile, des transporteurs, du secteur des ouvriers de la sous-traitance&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;F&#233;vrier 2018. Des manifestations de masse paralysent Ha&#239;ti. Les manifestations, aujourd'hui appel&#233;es &#171; Pays lock &#187;, ont pris la forme d'une gr&#232;ve g&#233;n&#233;rale ayant pour but de paralyser le pays jusqu'&#224; la d&#233;mission du pr&#233;sident Mo&#239;se. La gr&#232;ve est aliment&#233;e par, en plus de la corruption du gouvernement, une inflation insupportable et un taux de change avec les &#201;tats-Unis qui est mont&#233; &#224; 84 gourdes pour un dollar. Il y a un an, le taux &#233;tait de 64 contre un.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Juillet 2018 : gr&#232;ve g&#233;n&#233;rale. De violentes manifestations ont forc&#233; le gouvernement ha&#239;tien &#224; annuler des augmentations du prix du carburant. Pr&#232;s de trois semaines apr&#232;s que de violentes manifestations ont forc&#233; le gouvernement ha&#239;tien &#224; annuler des augmentations du prix du carburant, la bourgeoisie ha&#239;tienne demeure en &#233;tat de crise. Pendant que le gouvernement est en qu&#234;te de sources de revenus, la Police nationale d'Ha&#239;ti (PNH) profite de la faiblesse du pr&#233;sident Jovenel Mo&#239;se pour avancer sa propre position. L'annulation de ce qui aurait repr&#233;sent&#233; une augmentation de 38% du prix du litre d'essence a temporairement permis de ramener l'ordre, mais une manifestation tenue mardi &#224; Port-au-Prince exigeait la lib&#233;ration inconditionnelle et imm&#233;diate de toutes les personnes arr&#234;t&#233;es lors des &#233;v&#233;nements du 6 au 8 juillet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Octobre et novembre 2018. Des dizaines de milliers de personnes en col&#232;re en Ha&#239;ti manifestent pour exiger la d&#233;mission imm&#233;diate du pr&#233;sident Jovenel Mo&#239;se et protester contre la corruption en lien avec le sulfureux programme PetroCaribe.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Lors de la manifestation du mercredi 17 octobre 2018, huit personnes ont &#233;t&#233; tu&#233;es, soixante-et-une autres bless&#233;es, dont plusieurs par balles, selon le R&#233;seau national de d&#233;fense des droits humains (RNDDH). Les fun&#233;railles de plusieurs de ces manifestants, le 31 octobre 2018, a pris un tournant revendicatif, entra&#238;nant &#224; nouveau des affrontements et la r&#233;pression, qui a fait au moins un mort et huit bless&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;F&#233;vrier 2019, des &#233;meutes ont &#233;clat&#233; &#224; cause de la vie ch&#232;re &#224; Port-au-Prince.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article4474&#034;&gt;Lire encore&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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